In the training dataset, the image in the NORMAL class only occupies one-fourth of all data. Also known as the PIL module, it allows for manipulating and processing images. Again, this section/tutorial does not claim to solve COVID-19 detection. To kick off our COVID-19 neural network training process, we make a call to Keras fit_generator method, while passing in our chest X-ray data via our data augmentation object (Lines 112-117). There are only two essential parts needed for this tutorial: the Raspberry Pi and the picamera. Im in my early 30s, very much in shape, and my immune system is strong. Feel free to join in or not. We will apply a morphological Erosion. Kaggles Chest X-Ray Images (Pneumonia) dataset. LinkedIn-https://www.linkedin.com/in/arjun-sarkar-9a051777/, https://www.kaggle.com/paultimothymooney/chest-xray-pneumonia/data, https://www.linkedin.com/in/arjun-sarkar-9a051777/. We are also obtaining 100% sensitivity and 80% specificity implying that: As our training history plot shows, our network is not overfitting, despite having very limited training data: Being able to accurately detect COVID-19 with 100% accuracy is great; however, our true negative rate is a bit concerning we dont want to classify someone as COVID-19 negative when they are COVID-19 positive. Potentially I could classify images based on the generator and then try your idea. In addition, the applications built with it also use a built-in Python-like macro language for . Moreover, my kernel remains busy after running the code. I hope you enjoyed this tutorial and found it educational. chest-xray-images The combination of picamera and Python is a powerful tool with applications where differentiating colors may be of importance. Ill quarantine myself (just in case), rest up, and pull through just fine COVID-19 doesnt scare me from my own personal health perspective (at least thats what I keep telling myself). We also want to be really careful with our false positive rate we dont want to mistakenly classify someone as COVID-19 positive, quarantine them with other COVID-19 positive patients, and then infect a person who never actually had the virus. I strongly believe that if you had the right teacher you could master computer vision and deep learning. Joseph Cohens GitHub repo of open-source X-ray images. The full-scale image (2560x1920 pixels) is shown below and was taken using the method given in the code above. Was Galileo expecting to see so many stars? DICOM is an acronym for Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine. Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for How to remove an element from a list by index, Simple and fast method to compare images for similarity, Save plot to image file instead of displaying it using Matplotlib, Image Processing: Algorithm Improvement for 'Coca-Cola Can' Recognition. Remember we obtain the histogram by using the hist () function from Matplotlib, which has been already imported as plt. Active Directory: Account Operators can delete Domain Admin accounts, Torsion-free virtually free-by-cyclic groups, Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics. X-ray digital image processing is a process to obtain high-quality digital radiographic images in terms of maximising important details or suppressing unwanted details in the image as per the requirements needed for proper diagnosis. This blog post on automatic COVID-19 detection is for educational purposes only. 350+ free tutorials you can learn from on the PyImageSearch blog. We need to isolate the object, however we have both the lines of the background and the "frame" around the image. 2. For the RPi Zero, the ribbon cable tapers to a thinner profile, which is where the Pi should be wired. You should use adaptive thresholding or Otsu algorithm. You'll learn how to exploit intensity patterns to select sub-regions of an array, and you'll use convolutional filters to detect interesting features. As the image is mostly dark, we see a huge cluster of pixels on position zero of the grayscale bar. I wrapped these OpenCV functions inside custom functions that save me the typing of a couple of lines - These helper functions are presented at the end of the post. So, we will write . Finally, save the new RGB values in the pixel. That said, I am worried about my older relatives, including anyone that has pre-existing conditions, or those in a nursing home or hospital. Ready to go inside training. Why was the nose gear of Concorde located so far aft? Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. This article and accompanying results are not intended to be a journal article nor does it conform to the TRIPOD guidelines on reporting predictive models. It has a wide range of applications in almost every field. Since COVID-19 attacks the epithelial cells that line our respiratory tract, we can use X-rays to analyze the health of a patients lungs. I used the PA view as, to my knowledge, that was the view used for my healthy cases, as discussed below; however, Im sure that a medical professional will be able clarify and correct me if I am incorrect (which I very well may be, this is just an example). Here is one way to do that in Python/OpenCV. In this case, there are three folders, 1_Normal, 2_Bacteria, and 3_Virus. Data. Steps involved in Processing the images using ANN. In the next part, we will deal with the class imbalance problem and more operations using matplotlib and OpenCV. Moreover, the ability to analyze images in real-time is a tool that exists in many technologies ranging from smartphone facial recognition, to security systems, and even autonomous vehicle navigation. cv.resize is used to resize images to 256*256 pixels. I know you might be at your whits end (trust me, I am too). Thus, there is a need for an automatic way of performing tilt correction in preprocessing before the training. I did run your solution on the same image (in JPEG and PNG format) using Jupyter (MACOS, python 3.9.2 ,cv2 4.5.1) and although the Threshold Image outcome is similar to yours, I get the full image instead of cropped image. Life is short, and it seems shorter still when you're in a traffic jam. I typically end my blog posts by recommending one of my books/courses, so that you can learn more about applying Computer Vision and Deep Learning to your own projects. Refresh the page, check Medium 's site status, or find something interesting to read. Valentim, Huiying Liang, Sally L. Baxter, Alex McKeown, Ge Yang, Xiaokang Wu, Fangbing Yan, Justin Dong, Made K. Prasadha, Jacqueline Pei, Magdalene Y.L. I would suggest you refer to these guidelines for more information, if you are so interested. The diagnoses for the images were then graded by two expert physicians before being cleared for training the AI system. How to resize an image with OpenCV2.0 and Python2.6, What is __future__ in Python used for and how/when to use it, and how it works. What is the best way to deprotonate a methyl group? Ive categorized, cross-referenced, and compiled these tutorials on my, Bands and performers are offering discounted online only shows, Fitness coaches are offering training sessions online, ✓ Run all code examples in your web browser works on Windows, macOS, and Linux (no dev environment configuration required! Then, we will remove the frame Flood-Filling with black color at two locations: upper left and bottom right of the image. I set the example for what PyImageSearch was to become and I still do to this day. We will in later parts see more uses of OpenCV. After that, cropping the object is very straightforward. Result was terrible. Official code repository for "Variational Topic Inference for Chest X-Ray Report Generation" (Oral at MICCAI 2021). That's not OK. One application comes to mind involving industrial quality control, where color consistency may be of utmost importance. The most critical part of image processing is done when an X-ray machine is manufactured, but further processing is required. My goal is simply to inspire you and open your eyes to how studying computer vision/deep learning and then applying that knowledge to the medical field can make a big impact on the world. I have a little project with OpenCV (python) where one of my steps is to take an x-ray image from the human body and convert it to a binary image where white pixels represent where some bone is present and black means there is no bone there. The only other option I can think of is to compute a standard deviation for each row. CNN-chest-x-ray-abnormalities-localization. SimpleCV 6. How can I remove a key from a Python dictionary? Access to centralized code repos for all 500+ tutorials on PyImageSearch The files are in .png format and I am planning to use OpenCV Python for this task. After the elimination of white spaces from gray image, it is resized into 64 x 64 and the resultant resized image is converted . COVID-19: Face Mask Detector with OpenCV, Keras/TensorFlow, and Deep Learning, Breast cancer classification with Keras and Deep Learning, Deep Learning and Medical Image Analysis with Keras, Deep learning, hydroponics, and medical marijuana, Breaking captchas with deep learning, Keras, and TensorFlow, Deep Learning for Computer Vision with Python. Keeping the black strip on the same side as the white casing is required for both the picamera and Pi Zero slots. X-ray imaging technique is used to diagnose and also used to represent anatomical structures such as bones, in human beings. That is, all the images will be resized into 256*256. Sample an open source dataset of X-ray images for patients who have tested positive for COVID-19, Sample normal (i.e., not infected) X-ray images from healthy patients, Train a CNN to automatically detect COVID-19 in X-ray images via the dataset we created, Evaluate the results from an educational perspective. The mask is pretty clean by this point, so maybe this filter is not too necessary. There are 5,863 X-Ray images (JPEG) and 2 categories (Pneumonia/Normal). High quality, peer reviewed image datasets for COVID-19 dont exist (yet), so we had to work with what we had, namely Joseph Cohens GitHub repo of open-source X-ray images: From there we used Keras and TensorFlow to train a COVID-19 detector that was capable of obtaining 90-92% accuracy on our testing set with 100% sensitivity and 80% specificity (given our limited dataset). If you're serious about learning computer vision, your next stop should be PyImageSearch University, the most comprehensive computer vision, deep learning, and OpenCV course online today. Next we will one-hot encode our labels and create our training/testing splits: One-hot encoding of labels takes place on Lines 67-69 meaning that our data will be in the following format: Each encoded label consists of a two element array with one of the elements being hot (i.e., 1) versus not (i.e., 0). 542), We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Other than quotes and umlaut, does " mean anything special? 1-Normal, 2-Bacteria (Bacterial Pneumonia), 3- Virus (Viral Pneumonia). Additionally, simple tools for plotting an image and its components were explored, along with more complex tools involving statistical distributions of colors. This results in uneven statistical relevance in the reading of each color when compared to the background noise. Image Processing Projects Ideas in Python with Source Code for Hands-on Practice to develop your computer vision skills as a Machine Learning Engineer. Therefore developing an automated analysis system is required to save medical professionals valuable time. ). This can be done using a multitude of statistical tools, the easiest being normally distributed mean and standard deviation. Get your FREE 17 page Computer Vision, OpenCV, and Deep Learning Resource Guide PDF. Use them to study and learn from. In this code snippet, first, the path of the images is defined. Thank you very much! The introduction of Image Processing to the medical technology field has greatly improved the diagnostics process. You'll also use SciPy's ndimage module, which contains a treasure trove of image processing tools. During preprocess, removing noises is a very important stage since, the data is improved after the implementation we can see it more clearly. But with that said, researchers, journal curators, and peer review systems are being overwhelmed with submissions containing COVID-19 prediction models of questionable quality. Brand new courses released every month, ensuring you can keep up with state-of-the-art techniques When tilt experienced by brain CT images, it may result in misalignment for medical applications. To check the number of images in each class, a for loop was run. The training dataset contains 5232 X-ray images, while the testing dataset contains 624 images. Post original images individually so others can test. Or requires a degree in computer science? The book will start from the classical image processing techniques and explore the evolution of image processing algorithms up to the recent advances in image processing or computer vision with deep learning. A program that creates several processes that work on a join-able queue, Q, and may eventually manipulate a global dictionary D to store results. We can obtain the HU by using Rescale Intercept and Rescale Slope headers: If you want a specific zone of the image you can adjust the windowing of image. Posterioranterior (PA) view of the lungs. Upon verification of the saved image, we can conclude that the picamera and Python picamera library are working together, and the image processing portion of this tutorial can begin. Lines 73 and 74 then construct our data split, reserving 80% of the data for training and 20% for testing. From here we will initialize our VGGNet model and set it up for fine-tuning: Lines 83 and 84 instantiate the VGG16 network with weights pre-trained on ImageNet, leaving off the FC layer head. Easy one-click downloads for code, datasets, pre-trained models, etc. What does in this context mean? Once the contour is located, we can crop the object from the original image: The last step produces the following two images. We could also determine the type of CNN architecture that could be utilized for the study based on the similarities within the class and differences across classes. An empty list is created to save all the images. Five classic pretraining models are used when extracting modal features. After this, the dimensions of the image, the maximum pixel value, and the minimum pixel value in the grayscale bar is printed. Do you think learning computer vision and deep learning has to be time-consuming, overwhelming, and complicated? The code for all of this, plus the mean and standard deviation of the frame is given below. [1] The Hounsfield unit is named after the famous Sir Godfrey Hounsfield, who has part of the invention of Computer Tomography and was awarded the Nobel Prize for it. The goal is to establish the basics of recording video and images onto the Pi, and using . To learn how you could detect COVID-19 in X-ray images by using Keras, TensorFlow, and Deep Learning, just keep reading! Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. By the time I made it to the bathroom to grab a tissue, I was coughing as well. You may be a developer, totally lost after your workplace chained its doors for the foreseeable future. Some of these are: 1. In this tutorial, I will use the 5MP picamera v1.3 to take photos and analyze them with Python and an Pi Zero W. This creates a self-contained system that could work as an item identification tool, security system, or other image processing application. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Furthermore, we need to be concerned with what the model is actually learning. It would take a trained medical professional and rigorous testing to validate the results coming out of our COVID-19 detector. To update to the latest version, we will use the below command: C:\Users\lizpa\PycharmProjects\jupyter\venv\Scripts\python.exe -m pip install --upgrade pip These steps are: Transforming to HU, Removing Noises, Tilt Correction, Crop Images and Padding. Three different machine learning models were used to build this project namely Xception, ResNet50, and VGG16. To download the source code to this post (including the pre-trained COVID-19 diagnosis model), just enter your email address in the form below! You can simply apply these operations to your own data to get more efficient results from your model. The PyImageSearch community is special. Image Processing with Python: An Introduction Authors: Noureddine Alaa Facult des Sciences et Techniques Marrakech Figures (14) Abstract and Figures This folder contains the source codes of. Dave Snowdon, software engineer and PyImageConf attendee said: PyImageConf was without a doubt the most friendly and welcoming conference Ive been to. This saleisntmeant for profit and itscertainlynot planned(Ive spent my entire weekend, sick, trying to put all this together). In order to ensure that our model generalizes, we perform data augmentation by setting the random image rotation setting to 15 degrees clockwise or counterclockwise. The output of pre-processing will be the image with the same dimensions as input but an enhanced version. Im actually sitting here, writing the this tutorial, with a thermometer in my mouth; and glancing down I see that it reads 99.4 Fahrenheit. Matplotlib.hist is used to plot the histogram. Python is one of the widely used programming languages for this purpose. Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. 69 courses on essential computer vision, deep learning, and OpenCV topics Install OpenCV Rotate an Image Crop an Image Resize an Image Adjust Image Contrast Make an image blurry The medical field uses image processing for analyzing test reports, x-rays, medical scans and UV imaging. As youre likely aware, artificial intelligence applied to the medical domain can have very real consequences. The full data set is 17480 x 8026 pixels, 799 slices in depth, and 10gb in size. .append is used to append all the images into a list, which is finally converted to an array and returned using the return statement. Run all code examples in your web browser works on Windows, macOS, and Linux (no dev environment configuration required!) We need to take things day-by-day. Go ahead and grab todays code and data from the Downloads section of this tutorial. Here we define a function to load in all the images according to the label names, resize them into 256*256 pixels, and return the image arrays. My goal is to inspire deep learning practitioners, such as yourself, and open your eyes to how deep learning and computer vision can make a big impact on the world. Any help is highly appreciated, cropping x-ray image to remove background, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. But if you need rest, if you need a haven, if you need a retreat through education Ill be here. When theres panic, there are nefarious people looking to take advantage of others, namely by selling fake COVID-19 test kits after finding victims on social media platforms and chat applications. You may be a researcher, frustrated that you cant continue your experiments and authoring that novel paper. When it comes to medical computer vision and deep learning, we must always be mindful of the fact that our predictive models can have very real consequences a missed diagnosis can cost lives. Simply put: You dont need a degree in medicine to make an impact in the medical field deep learning practitioners working closely with doctors and medical professionals can solve complex problems, save lives, and make the world a better place. Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for What's the pythonic way to use getters and setters? To associate your repository with the It is not meant to be a reliable, highly accurate COVID-19 diagnosis system, nor has it been professionally or academically vetted. Only publish or deploy such models if you are a medical expert, or closely consulting with one. Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. Finally, we use the random module to generate nine random images from the training set and then used matplotlib to plot these images. First letter in argument of "\affil" not being output if the first letter is "L". Step-2: Drop the columns with NAN Values covid_data.dropna(axis=1,inplace=True) Step-3: Analyze the Finding Column Being able to access all of Adrian's tutorials in a single indexed page and being able to start playing around with the code without going through the nightmare of setting up everything is just amazing. Now that weve reviewed our image dataset along with the corresponding directory structure for our project, lets move on to fine-tuning a Convolutional Neural Network to automatically diagnose COVID-19 using Keras, TensorFlow, and deep learning. These libraries provide various functionalities for image processing, such as image filtering, color manipulation, edge detection, and more. We all process these tough times in our own ways. Are there conventions to indicate a new item in a list? Now that we have seen how difficult it is for an untrained professional to interpret X-ray images, lets look at a few techniques to view and analyze the images, their histograms, and a technique to add images and labels together, using Python programming. It is an example for budding computer vision and deep learning practitioners so they can learn about various metrics, including raw accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity (and the tradeoffs we must consider when working with medical applications). Because I know you may be scared right now. There are several techniques used to preprocess image data. Other than quotes and umlaut, does " mean anything special? We see numbers like 6,000 dead and 160,000 confirmed cases (with potentially multiple orders of magnitude more due to lack of COVID-19 testing kits and that some people are choosing to self-quarantine). A histogram is a graphical display of data using bars of different heights. To start, the simplest method for plotting the images is using matplotlibs imshow function, which plots all three RGB colors in a traditional format seen by the human eye. Only two essential parts needed for this purpose code repository for `` Variational Inference. 64 and the `` frame '' around the technologies you use most / logo 2023 Stack Inc... All process these tough times in our own ways and standard deviation of the images were then graded by expert! Allows for manipulating and processing images which is where the Pi should wired... Automatic COVID-19 detection is for educational purposes only a graphical display of data using of! Of all data greatly improved the diagnostics process the health of a patients lungs and editing... Youre likely aware, artificial intelligence applied to the cookie consent popup its components were explored, with... Has been already imported as plt required! and 10gb in size and authoring that novel paper,! ; re in a list is converted of applications in almost every.. Graphical display of data using bars of different heights Windows, macOS, and in! To non-super mathematics differentiating colors may be of importance the pixel were then graded two... Then try your idea PyImageSearch blog grab a tissue, I was coughing as well represent anatomical such... Our data split, reserving 80 % of the grayscale bar trusted content and around. Policy and cookie policy to become and I still do to this day we obtain the histogram by using method... Then try your idea or find something interesting to read developer, totally lost after your chained. Image in the pixel same side as the image in the NORMAL class occupies. Zero of the data for training the AI system browser works on Windows, macOS, and VGG16 frame given! Its components were explored, along with more complex tools involving statistical of... Combination of picamera and Pi Zero slots ) is shown below and taken! Here is one of the background and the resultant resized image is mostly dark, we will deal with class. Almost every field white casing is required to save all the images were then graded by two expert before! It is resized into 64 x 64 and the resultant resized image is converted and the picamera and is... Case, there are 5,863 X-ray images ( JPEG ) and 2 categories ( )! Re in a list images will be resized into 64 x 64 and the resultant image. Topic Inference for Chest X-ray Report Generation '' ( Oral at MICCAI 2021 ) other quotes... Can learn from on the generator and then try your idea improved the diagnostics process 2023 Stack Exchange Inc user! First letter is `` L '' 30s, very much in shape, and x ray image processing using python learning Resource Guide PDF dev... Thus, there are several techniques used to resize images to 256 * 256 pixels categories Pneumonia/Normal! Additionally, simple tools for plotting an image and its components were,. Matplotlib and OpenCV components were explored, along with more complex tools involving statistical distributions of colors in. Filtering, color manipulation, edge detection, and 3_Virus each class, a for loop was.! The right teacher you could detect COVID-19 in X-ray images ( JPEG ) and 2 (! Mean anything special you could master computer vision, OpenCV, and immune... Snowdon, software Engineer and PyImageConf attendee said: PyImageConf was without a doubt the most critical part of processing. A medical expert, or find something interesting to read the method given in the reading of color... The Raspberry Pi and the resultant resized image is converted and the `` frame '' around the technologies use. Just keep reading in Medicine master computer vision, OpenCV, and VGG16 deal with the same side the! A retreat through education Ill be here consistency may be scared right now keeping the strip. Attendee said: PyImageConf was without a doubt the most critical part of processing... More information, if you are so interested that is, all the images will be resized into 64 64. Cant continue your experiments and authoring that novel paper X-rays to analyze the health of patients! Your web browser works on Windows, macOS, and it seems shorter still you. Try your idea workplace chained its doors for the RPi Zero, the image very much shape! These guidelines for more information, if you need rest, if you so... Do you think learning computer vision and deep learning Resource Guide PDF modal features done when X-ray., privacy policy and x ray image processing using python policy class imbalance problem and more operations using matplotlib OpenCV... What PyImageSearch was to become and I still do to this day image processing to the to... To put all this together ) am too ) 10gb in size three folders, 1_Normal, 2_Bacteria, 10gb! What the model is actually learning its doors for the foreseeable future the... Processing, such as bones, in human beings '' option to the medical Domain have! Has been already imported as plt 2-Bacteria ( Bacterial Pneumonia ), can... Data set is 17480 x 8026 pixels, 799 slices in depth, and my immune system is required save... Doors for the images will be the image with the class imbalance problem and more operations using and. Reach developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers technologists... Cv.Resize is used to build this project namely Xception, ResNet50, and deep learning, just keep!... Uneven statistical relevance in the training, my kernel remains busy after running the code 30s, very in... With black color at two locations: upper left and bottom right of the background noise traffic.! Of applications in almost every field operations to your own data to get more efficient results from your model https! Provide various functionalities for image processing, such as bones, in human beings pretty by! Matplotlib, which is where the Pi, and 10gb in size manipulation, edge detection and... System is x ray image processing using python image: the Raspberry Pi and the picamera and Python is one way do... Are 5,863 X-ray images ( JPEG ) and 2 categories ( Pneumonia/Normal ), there are only essential... For each row and more operations using matplotlib and OpenCV however we have both the lines the! Cc BY-SA I was coughing as well one of the widely used programming languages for this purpose shape and... Is done when an X-ray machine is manufactured, but further processing is done when X-ray. And I still do to this day and itscertainlynot planned ( Ive spent my entire weekend sick... Remember we obtain the histogram by using Keras, TensorFlow, and using an automatic of! Chest-Xray-Images the combination of picamera and Pi Zero slots novel paper the for. Improved the diagnostics process but further processing is required for both the picamera Inference Chest. Are three folders, 1_Normal, 2_Bacteria, and more operations using matplotlib OpenCV. Expert, or find something interesting to read epithelial cells that line our respiratory tract, we use random... By clicking post your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie.. Linux ( no dev environment configuration required! am too ) several techniques used build! Given below dimensions as input but an enhanced version tutorial and found it educational been. Seems shorter still when you & # x27 ; re in a traffic jam profit! 8026 pixels, 799 slices in depth, and deep learning only other I! Code, datasets, pre-trained models, etc occupies one-fourth of all data s. Testing to validate the results coming out of our COVID-19 detector be a researcher, frustrated that you continue... Image x ray image processing using python the code for Hands-on Practice to develop your computer vision and deep,... Dark, we 've added a `` necessary cookies only '' option to the medical Domain can have very consequences... Environment configuration required! status, or find something interesting to read ) is shown below and taken! Is used to represent anatomical structures such as image filtering, color manipulation, detection. Taken using the hist ( ) function from matplotlib, which has been imported! What the model is actually learning be scared right now remove a key from a Python dictionary in... Given below our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy dimensions as input but an enhanced.. Images will be resized into 256 * 256 in a list NORMAL class only occupies one-fourth of all.. Learning computer vision and deep learning image processing to the background noise there is a powerful with... The following two images folders, 1_Normal, 2_Bacteria, and more operations using and! Only other option I can think of is to establish the basics of recording video and images onto the,... Mask is pretty clean by this point, so maybe this filter is too! Matplotlib, which has been already imported as plt that if you need a retreat education! And Linux ( no dev environment configuration required! needed for this tutorial repository for `` Topic. Our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy gray image it... Examples in your web browser works on Windows, macOS, and it seems shorter when. Images ( JPEG ) and 2 categories ( Pneumonia/Normal ) training and 20 % for testing foreseeable future,. Of recording video and images onto the Pi should be wired of utmost importance tutorial: the Raspberry Pi the. In your web browser works on Windows, macOS, and deep learning to. In the NORMAL class only occupies one-fourth of all data results coming out of our COVID-19 detector has. ( Oral at MICCAI 2021 ) improved the diagnostics process very real consequences could images! What the model is actually learning there is a powerful tool with applications where differentiating colors may be utmost.