Instead, they sought only declaratory and injunctive relief and redress for what they claimed was several decades of neglect and the U.S. government's use of them as human guinea pigs in chemical and biological agent testing experiments. hide caption. On the other side is an in-depth and wide-ranging interview with Ketchum filmed shortly before his death in 2019. All Rights Reserved. These experiments were conducted primarily to learn how various agents would affect humans (NRC 1982). It forced the Army to locate soldiers who were in the testing program and send them documentation detailing what happened to them. ", Flohr tells NPR his agency has followed federal statutes in its handling of claims for mustard gas exposure. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of low-dose chemical warfare agents on military personnel and to test protective clothing and pharmaceuticals. "U.S. Navy, Guinea Pig. "And that's what I have problems with today. It is not known how many soldiers may be experiencing long-tem health problems because of their participation in the U.S. Army medical experiments at Edgewood Arsenal. The personal injury attorneys at Parker Waichman LLP offer free, no-obligation case evaluations. Cavell then submitted the documents to the VA as proof of his exposure. Ariel Zambelich/NPR. He is very knowledgeable about the law and extremely professional. Vol. In the end, the focus is on the veterans who endured these experiments and the struggles many have faced since. This includes receiving medicines or vaccines under the Armys investigational drug review. The soldiers deposition also stated that participants were given no warnings about side effects or potential long-term health risks that might be associated with the experiments. 1982-85 IOM report "And these people should have long been appropriately provided for. Discovery Company. Edgewood Arsenal Medical Experiments Compensation. However, a good history and physical examination can provide valuable information and help determine a Veterans risk of developing health problems related to the exposure. And instances when she told me when the office people had to stay indoors instill all cleared. In September 1975, the Medical Research Volunteer Program was discontinued and all resident volunteers were removed from the Edgewood installation. [21], On appeal in Vietnam Veterans of America v. Central Intelligence Agency, a panel majority held in July 2015 that Army Regulation 70-25 (AR 70-25) created an independent duty to provide ongoing medical care to veterans who participated in U.S. chemical and biological testing programs. An "Independent Study Course" for continuing medical education produced by the US Department of Veterans Affairs, Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons (October 2003),[12] presents the following summary of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments: Renewed interest led to renewed human testing by the Department of Defense (DoD), although ultimately on a much smaller scale. According to the agency, if a veteran has an illness on the list and can prove he was exposed, he receives benefits. Attention A T users. Josephs has not received any health benefits related to his time as a human test subject at Edgewood. Some of the volunteers exhibited certain symptoms at the time of exposure to these agents. Officials at the Pentagon tell NPR it's likely that some of the records about military mustard gas experiments were never recovered. [22], Material Testing Program EA (Edgewood Arsenal) numbers. 7 Jun 2022 Military.com | By James Barber From 1955 to 1975, the Army conducted chemical weapons testing on volunteer soldiers at the Edgewood Arsenal facility in Maryland in pursuit of an. Fort Hoyle was established on October 7, 1922, and was created from a portion of the Edgewood Arsenal. Sometimes, he has trouble swallowing. To enter and activate the submenu links, hit the down arrow. ", Goss says he thinks the VA never delivered on its promises because this issue has been disappearing on its own for years. Case No. 2. Even when he talks about Edgewood, he said, I get a tightness in my chest.. A Warner Bros. Edgewood Arsenal MKULTRA Lawsuit Larry Scott has been all over this betrayal. "I don't think there's an explanation for why this program wasn't more successful," Goss says. Veterans who are eligible for the care must have: Eligible veterans can expect to receive the medical care and related medications at their nearest military medical treatment facility that has the capability and capacity for them, officials said in the release. Three test subjects enter a gas chamber, which will fill with mustard gas, as part of the military's secret chemical warfare testing in March 1945. CV-09-0037-CW, U.S.D.C. Things were different back then. The IOM committee requested declassification of 21 additional elements from at least nine documents from DoD in August 2012. Other exposures included tear gas, and hallucinogenics like LSD. According to at least one class action lawsuit filed on behalf of Edgewood Arsenal veterans, other substances tested on soldiers there included mescaline, amphetamines, mustard gas, CS (riot control agent), a THC analog called red oil, anthrax, botulism, plague, tularemia, Q fever, and crop destruction agents such as dioxin, used in Agent Orange. A small portion of these studies were directed at psychochemical warfare and grouped under the prosaic title of the "Medical Research Volunteer Program" (19561975). These experiments with mustard gas were conducted by the Army and Navy at more than a dozen locations. Lasting from 1950 to 1975, the experiments took place at Edgewood Arsenal in Maryland. To access the menus on this page please perform the following steps. 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants, Vol. Josephs says he now takes two dozen pills daily. Erspamer said the government has reached very few of the 7,000 or so Edgewood veterans, and the VA has turned down almost all Edgewood-related health claims. [1] The experiments were abruptly terminated by the Army in late 1975 amidst an atmosphere of scandal and recrimination as lawmakers accused researchers of questionable ethics. Hancock said the class action lawsuit led to nearly 10 years of litigation. He filed claims for several illnesses on the VA's list of those linked to mustard gas, including skin cancer and chronic breathing problems. Sometimes it was an injection. And in this case I'm afraid the answer is not yet. Credit: Edgewood Arsenal. According to the memoirs of James Ketchum, who also cites the IOM study for the data, "24 belladonnoid glycolates and related compounds" were "given to 1,800 subjects". The class-action lawsuit was filed by Vietnam Veterans of America, Swords to Plowshares and individual veterans seeking medical care for troops who participated in the programs at Edgewood Arsenal and Fort Detrick in Maryland. Josephs applied for veterans benefits based on chemical exposure at Edgewood. Finally, the command and control problems which were apparent in the CIA's programs are paralleled by a lack of clear authorization and supervision in the Army's programs.(S. Two autobiographical books from psychiatrists conducting human experiments at Edgewood have been self-published: Journalist Linda Hunt, citing records from the. hide caption, Former CIA Director Porter Goss says the VA has mishandled these claims. But Bollinger says he wouldn't go back to the agency after the way he was treated there. The tests evaluated protective equipment like gas masks and suits. Overall, about 7,000 soldiers took part in these experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals, according to the Department of Defense (DoD). Greene called for a search for novel psychoactive compounds that would create the same debilitating mental side effects as those produced by nerve gases, but without their lethal effect. Over a period of 20 years, more than 7,000 volunteers spent an estimated total of 14,000 months at Edgewood Arsenal. "Incapacitating chemical agents": Law enforcement, human rights law and policy perspectives. Tim clearly had adverse health effects because they gave him such high doses that he ranged from overdose with one substance to the antidote, back and forth, and he actually had to get a very powerful antipsychotic drug because, in the vernacular, he flipped out.. Please switch auto forms mode to off. Schnurman and his wife, Joy, spent the next two decades compiling evidence of the testing in order to put pressure on the military. They. Paul showed us an interview from April of 1968. Documents reveal after getting BZ, Paul was put in temperatures of 105 degrees then 125 degrees for up to seven hours, to see if the drug impacted the way soldiers sweated. Goss was a Florida congressman when he was contacted by a group of constituents who were used as test subjects and spoke out on their behalf. "For the actual test Private Zadrovney received a high dose of the incapacitating agent," the film's narrator said. The lawsuit's argument is in line with broader criticisms of Edgewood: that, whether out of military urgency or scientific dabbling, the Army recklessly endangered the lives of its soldiers . It just did not look like a military base, more like a hospital, recalled Josephs, a Pittsburgh native. II. Then, in 1996, Bollinger received a military commendation in the mail. According to the 1984 NRC review, human experiments at DoD's Edgewood Arsenal involved about 1,500 subjects who were experimentally exposed to irritant and blister agents including: For example, from 1958 to 1973 at least 1,366 human subjects underwent experimental exposure specifically with the riot-control agent CS at Edgewood Arsenal (NRC 1984). A tattered ball cap that says World War II veteran hangs by the front door in his house. In 1968, Tim Josephs was told he would be testing gas masks, boots and other clothing, he said. I was a MRVP at Edgewood Arsenal Chemical in 1964/1965. [17], The official position of the Department of Defense, based on the three-volume set of studies by the Institute of Medicine mentioned above, is that they "did not detect any significant long-term health effects on the Edgewood Arsenal volunteers". The idea was they would test new Army field jackets, clothing, weapons and things of that nature, but no mention of drugs or chemicals.. Copyright 2021 Scripps Media, Inc. All rights reserved. The study could not rule out long-term health effects related to exposure to the nerve agents. Watching soldiers suffer through delirium and panic attacks while older survivors describe their experiences makes for powerful viewing. This top secret Cold War research program initially looked for ways to defend against a chemical or biological attack by the Soviet Union, thought to be far ahead of the United States in psycho-chemical warfare. A deliberate destruction of evidence and files documenting their illegal actions, actions which were punctuated by fraud, deception, and a callous disregard for the value of human life. hide caption. There, Ketchum was administering psychotropic drugs on young. The chemical caused a delirium that included hallucinations and an inability to carry out tasks. Expert meeting report. Paul retired from the military and went on to raise a family in Nashville. A lawsuit brought by a veterans advocacy group, Vietnam Veterans of America, resulted in the requirement that the Army give medical care to eligible veterans who took part in testing that supported U.S. chemical and biological programs, Army Medical Command officials said in a release this week. Treatment will be in addition to the comprehensive medical care that plaintiffs are entitled to receive through Veterans Affairs because of their status as veterans, the release said. Some gave up out of frustration. But until NPR inquired about his case, all of those claims had been denied. Edgewood also hit a roadblock with its field in May of 2020, when the City of . "Until we actually got into the process of being in that room and realized, wait a minute, we can't get out of here.". That won't be too long now probably.". The Army colonel had no regrets about the experiments and believed he was acting in the best interests of the nation as it faced a Cold War threat. In 2015, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals said the Army, and not Veterans Affairs, should provide veterans with medical care related to the testing. In addition to medical benefits, the lawsuit is asking that the Defense Department and Department of Veteran Affairs find all Edgewood veterans and provide them with details of the chemicals they received and their possible health effects. The committee's understanding is that additional, and potentially relevant, material on SHAD tests exists and remains classified. Rep., at 411.[5])[20]. Edgewood/Aberdeen Experiments From 1955 to 1975, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps conducted classified medical studies at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland. Call: 988 (Press 1), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs | 810 Vermont Avenue, NW Washington DC 20420. The judges in 2015 rejected a district courts earlier argument that the Army didnt have to provide medical care for the veterans because some of them receive VA care, The judges instead ruled the Army has a duty to provide them care. They decided to live in the country. Finally, from 1962 to 1972, a total of 123 irritant chemicals were tested on only two subjects each exposed using a wind tunnel (NRC 1984). Medications cost $2,000 a month, which he was paying for out of pocket. Many official government reports and civilian lawsuits followed in the wake of the controversy. Edgewood dropped that lawsuit in February of 2020 in an attempt to come to an agreement with the City over the field. 877-222-8387, TDD (Hearing Impaired) A previous version of this story misidentified Nat Schnurman's wife. For more information, fill out our online contact form or call 1-800-YOURLAWYER (1-800-968-7529). Records indicate that between 1955 and 1965, of the 6,720 soldiers tested, only 147 human subjects underwent exposure to mustard agent at Edgewood (NRC 1982). 1, 24), stated: [In 1993 and 1994] we [] reported that the Army Chemical Corps conducted a classified medical research program for developing incapacitating agents. The process typically relies on evidence, but most of the men in these experiments have none because the tests were done in secret. In this U.S. government photo, Wray Forrest is seen on the far right in 1973 while participating in the program at Maryland's Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center. They ranged from potentially lethal nerve gases like VX and sarin to incapacitating agents like BZ. Rochelle, 60, who has come back to live in Onslow county, said in an interview that there were about two dozen volunteers . The documentary was produced by Zero Point Zero Production, the production company behind Anthony Bourdain's "Parts Unknown," so there's more visual flash and on-camera time for reporters than PBS viewers might expect. He blames his time at Edgewood for all this, and he has joined a lawsuit on behalf of Edgewood veterans seeking medical benefits from the Department of Veterans Affairs. While the soldiers were given the option to decline the drug testing, there were innuendos of bad punishments if they did not participate, the former soldier said, according to CNN. You couldn't get out," he says. But instead, the military deliberately exposed them to chemical and biological agents. NASHVILLE, Tenn. (WTVF) A top-secret military program treated active-duty U.S. soldiers like they were guinea pigs according to a class action lawsuit that shed light on what happened. [14], A significant omission from the Course summary above is the number of subjects on which BZ and related compounds were tested. Eight individual isomers numbered EA-2233-1 through EA-2233-8. Around 7,000 US military personnel and 1,000 civilians were test subjects over almost three decades. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has a page about the testing on its website. In his mid-50s, Josephs was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease, a progressive neurological condition that forced him to retire early. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of low-dose chemical warfare agents on military personnel and to test protective clothing and pharmaceuticals. Original photo: Courtesy of Charlie Cavell For example, in 1970, DEFENDANTS provided Congress with an alphabetical list showing that they had tested 145 drugs during Projects Bluebird, Artichoke, Case4:09-cv-00037-CW Document180 Filed11/18/10 Page6 of 76 The complaint asked the court to determine that defendants' actions were illegal and that the defendants have a duty to notify all victims and to provide them with health care. "I remember him laying up in the bedroom up there," she says. Decades after the U.S. Army used soldiers to test the effects of potent chemical and biological warfare agents - including some prohibited by the Geneva Protocol - it has begun notifying veterans. These irritant chemicals were selected for human testing following preliminary animal studies. Blisters that eventually increased to the size of half dollar coins started to grow in the same places. A refusal to satisfy their legal and moral obligations to locate the victims of experiments or to provide health care or compensation to them. Kathleen Curthoys is editor of Army Times. Similarly, cholinesterase reactivators antidotes such as 2-PAM were tested on about 750 subjects. The Edgewood Arsenal continued to produce chemical agents and countermeasures in case they became necessary. Cavell says that even today, when he comes to a locked door he's reminded of the inside of a gas chamber. There's a reason we have such incredible details about the program available now, and this film makes excellent use of the truths revealed during a massive lawsuit. It was like a plum assignment, Josephs said. The MRVP was also driven by intelligence requirements and the need for new and more effective interrogation techniques. Three test subjects enter a gas chamber, which will fill with mustard gas, as part of the military's secret chemical warfare testing in March 1945. Others were locked in gas chambers, like Cavell. After NPR's inquiry, the VA told NPR there was enough evidence to grant his claims. "[5] This was alarming enough to a Harvard psychiatrist, E. James Lieberman, that he published an article entitled "Psychochemicals as Weapons" in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists in 1962. 27299 Riverview Center Boulevard, Suite 108. Health Care [The VA] has made it a priority to identify all service members exposed to chemical and biological substances. The NRC report also mentions human experiments involving exposure of 741 soldiers to LSD (NRC 1984). The 1945 Edgewood Arsenal explosion killed twelve munitions workers and injured more than fifty on May 25, 1945. (N.D. Cal. A failure to secure informed consent and other widespread failures to follow the precepts of U.S. and international law regarding the use of human subjects, including the 1953 Wilson Directive and the Nuremberg Code. Bollinger gave up appealing VA rejections in 1994, after four years of traveling back and forth 30 miles to a VA office office in Pittsburgh. Veterans may file a claim for disability compensation for health problems they believe are related to exposures during Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests. Initially, such studies focused solely on the lethality of the gases and its treatment and prevention. Declassified military films show soldiers being given drugs and then being monitored to see their impacts. [7][8][9] A concrete result of these experiments was that BZ was weaponized, although never deployed. "But not to get messed up," he continued. If you're looking for the best war movies on Netflix we're here to help you stop the scrolling, move past the algorithm and An aging CIA agent gets pulled back in for one more mission. A diagnosed medical condition they think is a direct result of taking part in an Army chem/bio substance testing program. The Army then sent Josephs to Air Force bases in Thailand, in support of the war effort in Vietnam. For 20 years the government tested chemicals on soldiers who were not aware what was being put in their bodies. Last year, the Department of Veterans Affairs granted him partial benefits for his Parkinsons for Agent Orange exposure during his time in Thailand, giving Josephs 40% disability. Brad Flohr, a VA senior adviser for benefits, says the agency couldn't find the rest, because military records of the experiments were incomplete. I can continue by saying I filed an approximately 80 page document to the veteran's administration about my claims and kept getting blown off; resubmitted, blown off. "No Social Security numbers, no addresses, no way of identifying them. File a claim online. In order to best serve veterans and their families, VA continues to study the possibility of long-term health effects associated with in-service exposure to chemical and biological weapons, the letter promised. At 79 years old, he actively harvests honey from his bee farm. In the midst of the Cold War, the military was concerned chemical agents could be used against U.S. soldiers. She previously worked as an editor and staff writer at newspapers in Columbus, Georgia; Huntsville, Alabama; Bloomington, Indiana; Monterey, California and in Germany. Did you encounter any technical issues? A Defense Department Form 214 or War Department discharge/separation form or the functional equivalent. If, at any time, you have difficulty using this website, please contact us. CampBell's Complaint says that after execution of the real estate contract between McGill and the Abrahams, "on October 27, 2020, Sherry Abraham, acting as an Edgewood Town Councilor, filed an Emergency Motion to Intervene in the McGill lawsuit (D-101-CV-2020-00328).". Josephs received his letter from the VA in 2008, four decades after he arrived at the Maryland base. "Dr. Delirium & the Edgewood Experiments" is a new Discovery+ documentary (available on June 9, 2022) that chronicles the program and its long-term effects on the soldiers who participated in the testing. From 1955 to 1975, the Army conducted chemical weapons testing on volunteer soldiers at the Edgewood Arsenal facility in Maryland in pursuit of an agent that could disable enemy troops on the field of battle without killing them. You will now be able to tab or arrow up or down through the submenu options to access/activate the submenu links. Daughter can't have kids due to this place; not to mention the other members of the family ailments. Officials say they can't explain why the benefits weren't granted sooner. The Army is required to provide medical care to veterans who took part in classified Army testing of chemical and biological substances decades ago, officials say. From 1955 to 1975, military researchers at Edgewood were using not only animals but human subjects to test a witches brew of drugs and chemicals. visit VeteransCrisisLine.net for more resources. The military also tested tear gas, barbiturates, tranquilizers, narcotics and hallucinogens like LSD. Kristian Thacker for NPR Boxes of medical records his and those of other veterans fill the attic, along with handwritten notes and appeals to the VA. My mom eventually transferred to Edgewood Arsenal shortly later. CampBell's lawsuit seeks to remove Sherry Abraham from office . The VA has been accused of bias in these claims denials due to its self-interest in the issues. After receiving the drug, soldiers were monitored to see if they could do basic tasks like run an obstacle course. The court granted the plaintiffs partial summary judgment concerning the notice claim: summarily adjudicating in plaintiffs' favor, finding that "the Army has an ongoing duty to warn" and ordering "the Army, through the DVA or otherwise, to provide test subjects with newly acquired information that may affect their well-being that it has learned since its original notification, now and in the future as it becomes available". [13] Some additional information in the section cited from the Course was based on a 1993 IOM study, Veterans at Risk: Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite. Josephs enlisted in the military fresh out of high school at the height of the Vietnam War. "You can't coordinate anything you know. He was asked "Did you have pain every time you took a breath? This being said, also my son's father was exposed to Agent Orange in Vietnam. have hearing loss, Anticholinesterase nerve agents (ex., sarin and common organophosphorus (OP), and carbamate pesticides), Nerve agent antidotes atropine and scopolamine, Nerve agent reactivators (ex., the common OP antidote 2-PAM chloride), Psychoactive agents (ex., LSD, PCP, cannaboids, and BZ). He says he tires easily. About 7,000 soldiers took part in these experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals, according to the Department of Defense (DoD). Two TV documentaries, with different content but confusingly similar titles were broadcast: In 2012, the Edgewood/Aberdeen experiments were featured on CNN and in, This page was last edited on 30 November 2022, at 16:44. The Army is now required to provide medical care to veterans if they can prove their health issues are the result of the testing. However once the experiments were uncovered, the US Senate also concluded questionable legality of the experiments and strongly condemned them. [9] The safety record of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments was also defended in the memoirs of psychiatrist and retired colonel James Ketchum, a key scientist:[18]. (Right) The exterior of a Naval Research Laboratory gas chamber in Washington, D.C. 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Courtesy of Edgewood Arsenal Subscribe to the Military.com newsletter to have military news, updates and resources delivered straight to your inbox. For assistance, eligible veterans may call (800) 984-8523 or go to the Army website for participants of medical research programs. It passed the Agent Orange Act in 1991, which requires the VA to assume that all veterans who served in and around Vietnam were exposed to the chemical. Edgewood Arsenal was a classified US army facility in Maryland where recruits were subjected to sarin, VX, teargas, LSD and PCP. President Nixon ended research into offensive chemical weapons in 1969, and the military no longer uses human subjects in research on chemical agents, said a spokesman for Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, as the facility is known now. CNN Chief Medical Correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta. "There was no identifying information," he says. There is no VA environmental health registry associated with Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests. Find out if you qualify for VA health care. "Shortly after receiving the drug, he is grossly impaired," a narrator said as a soldier struggled through an obstacle course. To my knowledge, not one of them died or suffered a serious illness or permanent injury. "Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Agents", Sommer, Harold Z. Krenzer, John Miller, Jacob I. EA 1464 and Related Compounds. I am convinced that it is possible, by means of the techniques of psychochemical warfare, to conquer an enemy without the wholesale killing of his people or the mass destruction of his property.[2]. To enter and activate the submenu links survivors describe their experiences makes for viewing... For more information, fill out our online contact form or call 1-800-YOURLAWYER 1-800-968-7529... Have been self-published: Journalist Linda Hunt, citing records from the Edgewood installation very knowledgeable the! 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At 79 years old, he actively harvests honey from his bee farm fill out our contact. The Army website for participants of medical Research Volunteer program was discontinued all... Chemical agents and countermeasures in case they became necessary not one of them or... Books from psychiatrists conducting human experiments involving exposure of 741 soldiers to LSD NRC. Of his exposure evaluated protective equipment like gas masks and suits their bodies see their.... Of identifying them Army is now required to provide health care [ the VA 2008. In 2019 VX and sarin to incapacitating agents like BZ should have long appropriately... Struggles many have faced since is on the veterans who endured these experiments and the need new! Such as 2-PAM were tested on about 750 subjects now takes two dozen daily. Drugs and then being monitored to see if they could do basic tasks like run an obstacle course to chemical... Knowledgeable about the law and extremely professional additional elements from at least nine documents from DoD in August.. Submitted the documents to the Military.com newsletter to have military news, updates and delivered. Those claims had been denied of identifying them back to the nerve agents,. Led to nearly 10 years of litigation Arsenal, Maryland associated with Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical.. Nw Washington DC 20420 fifty on May 25, 1945 see if they could do basic tasks like an... Effects related to exposure to the VA has been accused of bias in these experiments the... War Department discharge/separation form or the functional equivalent May of 2020 in attempt! Letter from the VA never delivered on its promises because this issue has been accused of bias in experiments.
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