endobj The material in this chapter will help OSHA compliance officers and safety and health professionals apply their resources to the industrial-hygiene problems associated with lead exposures in the construction industry. Wetting of surfaces with water mist prior to sanding, scraping, or sawing, and wetting lead-containing building components prior to removal will minimize airborne dust generation during these activities. To learn more about how engineering controls fit into the strategy for reducing and/or eliminating occupational hazards, visit our hierarchy of controls website. stream Encapsulation may be a temporary measure because the lead-based paint that remains under the encapsulant may have to be disturbed at a future time and create a new potential for lead exposure. Consequently, appropriate controls must be implemented when using chemical strippers. If the MSDS identifies the material as hazardous, as defined by OSHA's hazard communication standard (. Use $S=0.9$. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text] Speciality contractors are hired to do this work. Hand scraping of lead-based paints involves the use of a hand-held scraping tool to remove paint from coated surfaces. Administrative controls: programs and practic, Fundamentals of Engineering Economic Analysis, David Besanko, Mark Shanley, Scott Schaefer. Administrative controls are another form of work practice controls that can be used to influence the way a task is performed. Calculate the mass, in grams, of $\mathrm{NaCl}$ present in $54.3 \mathrm{~g}$ of $0.91 \% \mathrm{NaCl}$ solution. An example is using plant-based printing inks as a substitute for solvent-based inks. Interlock systems for lasers and machinery are other good examples of isolating processes. Mini-enclosures have advantages over larger conventional enclosures because the same size fan and dust collector can achieve much higher velocities past the helmets of the workers. Pot dressing is another source of lead fumes. Evaluate Exposure /T1_2 8 0 R Additionally, administrative controls and PPE are often applied to existing processes where hazards are not well controlled. Dust generation, debris generation, and the type of containment necessary in ultrahigh-pressure water jetting are comparable to those in high-pressure water jetting. In other words, material, equipment, or an entire process can be substituted to provide effective control of a lead hazard. The abrasive medium, generally steel shot/grit, sand, or slag, is propelled through a hose by compressed air. The preferred order of action based on general effectiveness is: Using this hierarchy can lower worker exposures and reduce risk of illness or injury. However, the advantage of sodium bicarbonate is that the abrasive is water soluble and, if the lead can be filtered from the water, the volume of debris is reduced because the dissolved bicarbonate is not considered hazardous. The primary exposure to fumes occurs while dipping the ladle into the lead pot, carrying the ladle by hand to the solder area, and pouring solder into the pipe joint. Examples of ventilation controls include the following: Power tools that are equipped with dust collection shrouds or other attachments for dust removal and are exhausted through a HEPA vacuum system. Exposures to lead while installing new insulation over mineral wool put into place before 1970 will vary markedly from job site to job site because of such factors as the size of the space, the method of application, and the amount of lead dust in the mineral wool. Administrative or Work Practice Controls After inspection of the lining, the damaged pointing (i.e. The containment secondary engineering control (C-SEC) is the room in which the C-PEC is . Identify and ensure the use of . Keep shroud flush with the surface during cleaning. Engineering controls means constructed containment barriers or systems that control one or more of the following: downward migration, infiltration, or seepage of surface runoff or rain; or natural leaching migration of contaminants through the subsurface over time. >> Wet methods include misting of peeling paint with water before scraping, and sanding and misting of debris prior to sweeping or vacuuming. /T1_5 17 0 R a. Ne\mathrm{Ne}Ne Engineering controls can cost more upfront than administrative controls or PPE. The greatest advantage to carbon-dioxide (dry-ice) blasting is that the blast medium sublimes and needs no further handling or disposal. Use of techniques with known low exposure potential, such as encapsulation and removal or replacement instead of hand-scraping and hand-sanding. Origin of the microbe, or the agent in question, and the route of exposure are also important. Intermediate or finish coats of paint are applied later. The free circulation of wind and air helped to reduce the airborne concentration of lead-containing dust in the workers' breathing zone. To conduct these efforts, NIOSH works collaboratively with partners both in the United States and around the world. Contract No. These include: High-pressure water jetting with abrasive injection; Develop and implement a good respiratory protection program in accordance with OSHA requirements in. Abrasive also may escape the vacuum head if the brush attachments do not seal completely around the substrate; poor seals may be caused by operator fatigue, poor work practices or irregular surfaces and edges. 0000011902 00000 n In this configuration, the blast nozzle has local containment (a shroud) at its end and containment is usually accomplished by brush-lined attachments at the outer periphery and a vacuum inlet between the blast nozzle and the outer brushes (Waagbo and McPhee 1991). They operate on a "hazard isolation principle", either by removing a hazardous workplace condition (such as through ventilation) or by placing a . outside via a properly functioning _______ _________, Cabinet supply fans draw room air (plus a portion of In addition, the coating being worked on may consist of several layers of lead-based paint, each of which could contain as much as 50% lead. When the sponge is dampened, it can help reduce the amount of dust generated without unduly wetting the surface. containment (i.e., a closed-system transfer device [e.g., PhaSeal] with a BSC or a CACI that is located in a non-negative pressure Table 21-3. /T1_0 16 0 R 0000003873 00000 n e. C6H14\mathrm{C}_6 \mathrm{H}_{14}C6H14, PECs are designed to maintain ISO Class _______ air quality in the compounding work zone, PEC with Unidirectional, linear airflow at a fixed velocity within a confined area, Air that exits the high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter is called ______ _____, HEPA filter Removes _______% of particles _____ micron, HEPA filters use positive velocity (______ feet per minute 20%) to prevent room air from entering clean zone, When airflow is compromised in a laminar flow hood it creates a, Zone of turbulence is ____X the diameter of the object They are useful when employers are in the process of implementing other control methods from the hierarchy. Training and evaluation can help ensure selected controls are successful. >> Engineering controlsreduce or prevent hazards from coming into contact with workers. Use of wet-sanding and wet-scraping methods in conjunction with HEPA vacuuming or HEPA mechanical ventilation. If a hazard cannot be eliminated or a safer substitute cannot be found, the next best approach is to . The OSHA construction standard for lead also requires that a competent person perform frequent and regular inspections of job sites, materials, and equipment. Lead health hazards in this operation, as in welding and torch cutting, are from lead that is superheated and released into the worker's breathing zone in the form of a fume. These operations are discussed below. Applying non-lead containing paints and primers. A variety of materials such as slags and steel grit are available as alternative blasting media. When employee exposure is above the PEL, the lead standard requires the employer to provide, and ensure that workers use, adequate shower facilities (where feasible), hand-washing facilities, clean change areas, and separate noncontaminated eating areas. The following engineering controls apply: Portable local exhaust ventilation should be used to remove lead dust and particulates from localized areas. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like PEC and SEC are designed to maintain _____ _____ of compounding areas, laminar airflow workbenches (LAFW), biological safety cabinets (BSC), compounding aseptic isolators (CAI), and compounding aseptic containment isolators (CACI) are examples of _____, PECs are designed to maintain ISO Class _____ air quality in the compounding . If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Wet abrasive blast cleaning is a modification of traditional open abrasive blast cleaning. The various environmental controls include: Lead dust on overhead ledges, equipment, floors, and other surfaces must be removed to prevent traffic, vibration, or random air currents from re-entraining the lead-laden dust and making it airborne again. This could include changing the work process to stop using a toxic chemical, heavy object, or sharp tool. 0000022372 00000 n the use of physical or chemical means to remove, inactivate, or destroy bloodborne pathogens on a surface or item to the point where they are no longer capable of transmitting infectious particles and the surface or item is rendered safe for handling, use, or disposal. At the development stage, elimination and substitution may be the simplest and cheapest option. The construction activities identified range from those such as abrasive blasting and welding, cutting, and burning, where exposures to lead are often high, to encapsulating lead-based paint or using lead pots, where exposures are generally low. The melting point of the filler metals is usually quite low (<600F) and the activity does not generate significant concentrations of metal fumes. CONSAD Research Corporation. These systems require that the gun and shielding gas flow rates be carefully balanced to maintain weld quality and still provide good exhaust flow. In certain applications such as abatement in buildings, wet methods can significantly reduce the generation of lead-containing dust in the work area. 0000025707 00000 n Overspray and rebound of the paint spray off the structure being painted increase the inhalation hazards to workers using lead-based paint. These techniques use heat in the form of a propane, MAPP gas, or oxyacetylene flame and a filler metal (tin/lead compositions, rosin core, brazing rods) to accomplish the task of joining. The sodium bicarbonate will not remove paint, rust, and mill scale as efficiently as sand or slag abrasives. Which of the following is the best description of an engineering control? Sponge jetting involves the use of specialized blasting equipment that propels a combination of an abrasive material (e.g., steel, garnet) encased in a soft sponge (foam) medium. /Count 2 If this method is used to control worker exposure to lead, the lead standard requires that the employer implement a job rotation schedule that (1) identifies each affected worker, (2) lists the duration and exposure levels at each job or work station where each affected employee is located, and (3) lists any other information that may be useful in assessing the reliability of administrative controls to reduce exposure to lead. Oil Well Derrick Stability: Guywire Anchor Systems, Industrial Robots and Robot System Safety, Excavations: Hazard Recognition in Trenching and Shoring, Controlling Lead Exposures in the Construction Industry: Engineering and Work Practice Controls, Appendix V:3-1. Under no circumstances should lead-contaminated work clothes be laundered at home or taken from the worksite, except to be laundered professionally or properly disposed of following applicable Federal, State, and local regulations. Examples include such things as treating material so it does not create dust, replacing silica with another material, isolating, containment, and using ventilation . Install partitions or other temporary barriers to allow for partial containment of dust to minimize exposures to other workers and building occupants. Engineering controls reduce or eliminate exposure to chemical or physical hazards through the use of equipment or devices. Exhaust ventilation must be equipped with an appropriate HEPA filtration/collection system. -first line of defense towards infectious organisms and hazardous chemicals, -air flows into the front work opening across the work surface and out through a decontamination device, -basic air flow into the front of the work opening to protect the operator from the work, class 1 biosafety cabinet (modified as a clean bench), -one-piece suit with fresh air supplied for breathing -must be a back up system for air supply allowing for time to reach a non-hazardous area, -second line of defense after engineering controls. 0000023219 00000 n >> 0000023089 00000 n When under pressure, both gases and liquids transmit force equally. Where complete enclosure is not feasible, establish barriers or local ventilation to reduce exposure to the hazard in normal operations. Engineering controls, such as ventilation, and good work practices are the preferred methods of minimizing exposures to airborne lead at the worksite. The health hazards in this activity are caused by the lead dust and paint chips produced in the scraping process. Ultrahigh-pressure water jetting utilizes pressurized water at pressures in excess of 25,000 psi. ; Substitution: replace the hazard (e.g., hazardous products, machines, etc.) Regular evaluation can check whether controls are effective in reducing workers exposures and identify potential improvements. The OSHA lead standard for construction is unique in that it groups tasks (Appendix V:3-1) that are presumed to be associated with employee exposures above the PEL into three lead-exposure ranges. 0000029049 00000 n The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. The dust-laden air must be filtered prior to its release into the atmosphere. Work surface. Some containment structures consist of tarpaulins made of open mesh fabrics (screens) that are loosely fitted around the blasting area; some use rigid materials such as wood, metal, or plastic to enclose the blasting area; and some use a combination of flexible and rigid materials. The amount of time a worker may spend actually welding or cutting can vary from only a few minutes up to a full shift. 0000017143 00000 n 0000016856 00000 n Blowing with compressed air is generally prohibited as a cleaning method, unless the compressed air is used in conjunction with a ventilation system that is designed to capture the airborne dust created by the compressed air (e.g. Installation and cutting of solid lead sheets, lead foil panels, and lead brick as well as the pouring of lead shot into cavities produce lead dust in varying quantities (Personal communication, G. Hyde, Baltimore Lead Burning Corporation, March 5, 1991). Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. 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