However, these positive impacts on innovation and growth do not necessarily mean that additional immigration raises per capita income in the United States (Friedberg and Hunt 1995). Employment rates for low-skilled foreign-born individuals are considerably higher than those of natives. You can see it everywhere. In the short run, a large increase or decrease in the number of immigrants would likely cause disruption: an increase could overwhelm available infrastructure or possibly put downward pressure on wages for native-born workers until capital accumulation or technology usage can adjust (Borjas 2013), while a decrease could harm businesses with fixed staffing needs, or lead to underutilization of housing and other similar capital (Saiz 2007; White House 2013). And today, the combination of Americas preoccupation with celebrations and the commonality of Jan. 1 birthdays has led to a predictable phenomenon. How do you determine who is that individual, does that record apply?" I'm a Product Owner, developer, reader, and occasionally funny. I do remember learning early on that the calendar in Iran is different than the Canadian calendar, as Irans is based on the Islamic calendar. India and China now account for the largest share (6.5 and 4.7percent of all immigrants, respectively) among Asian immigrants, while El Salvador (3.4percent) and Cuba (2.9percent) are the primary origin countries in Latin America (after Mexico). Instead, they use the four seasons of the year and historic national events as markers of significant dates. I cant even begin to describe how I feel. While that seems like a set-up for fudging a difficult name into the record books, or maybe even just making the best guess on a name that perhaps a nonliterate immigrant might not know how to spell correctly, it didnt go down that way at all, Urban says. The terms of immigrants residency are important for their labor market outcomes, and potentially for the impacts they have on native-born workers. Yusuf, who has a 10-year-old U.S.-born son, said his child never misses a birthday. Petitioner wishes to change his name to a less demonstratively Muslim/Arabic first name.. Conversely, restricting access to legal employment for unauthorized immigrants leads to an increased crime rate, particularly for offenses that help to generate income (Freedman, Owens, and Bohn 2018). If name changes happened with any frequency on Ellis Island, it was not noted in any contemporaneous newspaper accounts or in recollections from inspectors, Sutton says. This is associated with improvements in immigrants employment opportunities and a corresponding increase in the opportunity cost of crime. But then, in the early 1990s, the U.S. government extended its refugee resettlement program to displaced Somali families fleeing clan-based warfare and droughts that brought them to crowded Kenyan refugee camps. Many cultures don't keep records of birth dates, so when immigrants enter the U.S. they are assigned Jan. 1. When you buy a book using a link on this page, we receive a commission. You might find someone with the same first name and last name, and the same birth date," Mohamed said. Life is full of irony. Before long, card makers were releasing the same age-phobic dreck that you can find in drugstore aisles today. Roughly 21 percent of petitioners in 2002 sought to correct errors on their vital documents, while in 1942, only about 4 percent of petitions had been submitted to change a mistake on an identification document. What does that mean? Cultural pride is a factor that has limited the number of name changes. After Sept. 11, there was a surge of petitions from people with Arabic-sounding names. Without authorized status and documentation, foreign-born residents likely have little bargaining power in the workforce and are exposed to a higher risk of mistreatment (Shierholz 2018). There was a huge fear that immigrants were going to bring a whole new set of morals into the country that were going to degrade us, Urban says. On therecord-breaking dayof April 17, 1907, almost 12,000 immigrants were processed, according to the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation. As Hizky Shoham, a cultural-studies professor at Israels Bar-Ilan University, pointed out to me, the two have coincided in other times and places, such as in Sweden in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in rural Estonia in the mid-20th century. Today, the January 1 phenomenon has become an inside joke for first-generation immigrants. For both men and women immigrants, hours worked and wages tend to improve quickly upon entry to the United States (Blau et al. Instead, todays petitioners seem to be trying to match their names with those of other family members after a divorce, adoption or abandonment. WebWhile 35% of the 59 million immigrants in the past 50 years has come from Mexico, South and Central American immigrant populations are now booming in the U.S. Much of this Alicia Ault is a Washington, DC-based journalist whose work has appeared in publications including the New York Times, the Washington Post and Wired. There are almost no appreciable differences in occupations between the children of immigrants and children of natives. "You have a myriad of individuals using the same date of birth, you do a record check, you're going to come up with hundreds, if not thousands, of hits. With wine in hand, a list of options was created. Somalis in Minnesota come from diverse backgrounds: Some led a nomadic lifestyle back in Somalia, where people relied mostly on a traditional calendar system for dates; others lived in big cities and towns where people used the 12-month calendar system their entire lives. Increasing the share of college-educated immigrants in the population by one percentage point increases patents per capita by 6 percent. In particular, immigrants are more likely to possess college and advanced degrees, and more likely to work in STEM fields. The ships manifest was presented to Ellis Island inspectors after the boat docked. WebImmigrant groups still change their names for multiple reasons, stemming from a desire to avoid discrimination, as well as to create a new identity to fit their new culture. This is usually done with the intention to garner privileges or status that would not otherwise be available Our parents didnt hate it and our friends began calling us Zade, and we liked it. You could guess anybody's birthday and say, 'I bet your birthday's January 1st.' The strictures reflected the views of the times, with anarchy and Bolshevism seen as particular threats, says Peter Urban, a National Park Service Ranger in the division of interpretation at Ellis Island, which is overseen by the Park Service. I just had to get it translated from Farsi to English. In Minnesota, the Somali-Americans who fall into this category are often the communitys oldest generation, who spent the better part of their lives in a nomadic lifestyle. Ive always celebrated my birthday July 1st. Of all prime-age foreign-born persons in the United States with a postsecondary degree, 58.0percent are from Asian countries, while 51.2percent of all prime-age foreign-born persons with a high school degree or less are from Mexico (BLS 2017; authors calculations). WebIn reality, immigrants change culture for the better by introducing new ideas, expertise, customs, cuisines, and art. The only way I can remember is to look at their documents.. Social Security and Medicare become more difficult to fund as the working-age population declines relative to the elderly population. More commonly, immigrants would change their names themselves when they had arrived in the United States, and for a number of reasons. It shows that 30- to 36-year-old immigrants are less likely to have been recently arrested, incarcerated, charged, or convicted of a crime when compared to natives, confirming the broader pattern of figure 12a. As a refugee, documentation is always a challenge. Determining real birth dates gets complicated -- certain cultures simply do not celebrate birthdays, so no one remembers them, or they may come from a country that uses a completely different calendar system. We at The Hamilton Project put forward this set of facts to help provide an evidence base for policy discussions that is derived from data and research. Their petitions were achingly similar to those of Jews in the 1940s, though many of these newer petitioners were more open about the hatred they faced: Prevailing attitudes and prejudices against persons of Arabic descendancy have been adversely affected as a direct result of the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, one petitioner wrote. In 2017 foreign-born prime-age (2554) men worked at a rate 3.4 percentage points higher than native-born prime-age men, while foreign-born prime-age women worked at a rate 11.4 percentage points lower than native-born prime-age women. I knew the year I was born, said Cali. Many migrants came from repressive regimes, where men in uniform were to be feared. This selection may have increased since 2000, with disproportionate growth in the highly educated foreign-born population (Peri 2017). For example, 72.8 percent of foreign-born prime-age adults with a high school degree or less are employed (men and women combined), as compared to 69.5 percent for their native-born counterparts. Immigrants face constant pressure to compromise their identities in the United States because they are often targeted and discriminated against due to their language, culture, race, and national origin. Data from legal Zoom, a legal data collection agency, lists ethnic-related motives as one of the top ten reasons why people change their names. Now well beyond the era of Ellis Island, where name changes were commonplace, changes now are on the decline, according to the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), but have a similar significance for incoming immigrants. In 2008, Newsweek published an article on then-presidential candidate Barack Obama titled From Barry to Barack.. But even though many may have had unusual namesat least to an English speakerit is a persistent myth that Ellis Island inspectors altered birth names of the weary immigrants. He is now a U.S. citizen. But there was also a marked shift in the class of petitioners. By contrast, high-skilled native-born workers tended to enter occupations that require more communications and interpersonal skills (Jaimovich and Siu 2017). A July 1st birthday is a terrible birthday, especially for a kid. They hoped to settle in a promised land that was opening its doors to many, especially those capable of doing manual labor. Member donations are crucial to the work of our nonprofit newsroom. While the process could be cold, it didnt mean you didnt have inspectors who treated people very kindly and compassionately, Urban says. The logic was straightforward: change your name and avoid discrimination. Furthermore, the impacts on wages of native-born workers with more education are generally estimated to be positive, such that most estimates find the overall impact on native workers is positive (Blau and Mackie 2017; Kerr and Kerr 2011; Ottaviano and Peri 2012). Though it can be funny, January 1 is always a stark reminder of the great lengths that my parents and other immigrants have gone through to get here. As mass migration began growing, immigration laws started changing. My name doesnt make me. In Iranian culture, children get their fathers last name and mothers keep their last name. Thank you for supporting The Atlantic. Cangemi says some criminals assume a false birth date fraudulently, in order to obscure their identity or, say, to get a juvenile instead of an adult sentence in criminal matters. Happy holidays, indeed. In general it really just comes down to a group being marked as other, Tummula said. That often means refugee resettlement agencies in the camps assigned them estimated birth dates, which might be a couple of years older or younger than their actual birth dates. But immigrant family structure is still more stable, Wang said. It was simple and easy to remember. I had to ask a question I didnt think I would need to as a 30-year-old. WebSome migrants leave their country because they want to work, study or join family, for example. Now, flip that data on its head, and you'll find some of the most popular birthdays land in the middle of September, which is just about nine months from, well, right now. Today, the idea of someone celebrating their birthday is noncontroversial, but in the decades when the tradition was still new, some groups resisted it. Those petitions suggest that name changing has changed significantly over time: While it was primarily Jews in the early to mid-20th century who altered their names to avoid discrimination, today its a more diverse group of people changing their names for a range of reasons, from qualifying for government benefits to keeping their families unified. Immigrants to the United States are likely more positively selected on education and prospects for labor market success relative to nonimmigrants (Abramitzky and Boustan 2017; Chiswick 1999). Starting in the 1910s, however, immigration to the United States fell precipitously, and the foreign-born share of the population reached a historic low of 4.7percent in 1970. There are many ways in which immigrants come to the United States and participate in this countrys economic and social life. If say a person of a different color changes their name, when people see them their name wont matter. Youre not special if youre born on July 1st. (2018) does not include data for Ireland in 1910. But Cangemi said for plenty of immigrants, the reasons for assuming a Jan. 1 birth date are understandable. He wasnt aware that birthdays mean so much in Western countries that people celebrate them every year a ritual that is uncommon in the East African nation. Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress. That would create a whole new set of problems. All of which is why thousands of foreign-born Minnesotans turned one year older on New Years day, a phenomenon now so common that it draws waves of inside jokes this time of year on social media among the states immigrant communities. Those kind of [presumptions] are poisonous.. The United States has been shaped by successive waves of immigration from the arrival of the first colonists through the present day. This role is not precisely the same as that of native-born Americans: immigrants tend to work in different jobs with different skill levels. Because of the war back home, people didn't have access to their birth records, and many didn't know their true birthdays. With declining native-born population growth in recent years, even a diminished level of net migration has been enough to raise the foreign-born fraction (see figure 2a). At the end of the ceremony, Saldago hoists the freshly signed document signifying his status. [In Somalia], nobody asks your date of birth or your home address or Social Security information to get something.. Why it matters: Migration flows are complex and quickly And people can translate what that means into the modern calendar.. Everybody gets it. The educational attainment of immigrants is much more variable than that of native-born individuals: there are more immigrants with less than a high school degree, but also more immigrants with a masters degree or doctorate (relative to children of native-born parents), as shown in figure 5. I wanted to spare my child this experience and was determined to somehow share a last name. Third, the high cost of migration (due in large part to the physical distance separating the United States from most countries of origin) discourages many would-be immigrants who do not expect large labor market returns (Borjas 1999; Clark, Hatton, and Williamson 2007; Fix and Passel 2002). Foreign-born workers appear to be especially responsive to economic shocks as they search for employment: Mexican low-skilled men are more apt to move toward places with improving labor market prospects (Cadena and Kovak 2016). By 2012, however, petitioners with Muslim or Arabic names had stopped changing their names in large numbers. For example, if immigrant workers were on average less productive than native-born workers, additional immigration would reduce per capita GDP while increasing total economic output. Immigrant workers are 39percent less likely to work in office and administrative support positions and 31percent less likely to work in management, while being 113percent more likely to work in construction. Then as now large numbers of immigrants were drawn to relatively strong economic opportunities in the United States (Clark, Hatton, and Williamson 2007). Im fully here and Im all in.. One hundred twenty-five years ago, the nations first federal immigration station opened on Ellis Island in New York Harbor, built to handle the throngs who were coming to America during the late 19th century to escape famine, war and poverty. Between 1880 and 1920, more than 20 million immigrants Among high-skilled immigrants, degree of English proficiency predicts occupational choice (Chiswick and Taengnoi 2008). The most common thing that I see on name changes [for immigrants] is that it is just for convenience. Beginning with late-19th-century and early-20th-century policies that were directed against immigrants from particular countriesfor example, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882the federal government then implemented comprehensive national origin quotas and other restrictions, reducing total immigration inflows from more than 1million immigrants annually in the late 1910s to only 165,000 by 1924 (Abramitzky and Boustan 2017; Martin 2010). Gebywe fled Ethiopia and went to Kenya, where she was interviewed to gain refugee status. It was even worse for me having to share it with my brother. These basic facts suggest that immigrants are taking on a larger role in the U.S. economy. But I didnt know the date and month. Only those in steerage had to undergo inspection at the Ellis Island station. The inspectors also would see if the answers matched those recorded by the shipping clerk before departure. Changing my name is really the end of the circle. Yet the impoverished Somali government didnt have adequate social institutions that documented birth dates or issued certificates for new babies. Ive also learned that there is a special type of joy in telling people who have said youre stubborn like other Cancers that Im actually smart like a Picses. [It] often started with religious identity. Cabrera said it's legitimate for these immigrants to take Jan. 1 as their birth date. Michigan State University provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation US. WebFrom the 1910s through the 1960s, the overwhelming majority of people petitioning to change their names werent immigrants seeking to have their names Americanized. Figure 12b therefore looks more specifically at the criminal justice interactions of native-born and foreign-born adults over a narrower window of time. Another recent estimate of the impact on low-skilled natives (Ottaviano and Peri 2012) estimated a slightly positive impact on wages (between 0.6 and 1.7 percent). The reason for this coincidence is simple: they were refugees who fled war-torn Ethiopia, and they never had records of their birth dates, so new ones were assigned to them. Immigrants experience social, psychological, and cultural change when adapting to their new home. Wednesday is New Year's Day. But, he says, he believes that dehumanizationincluding a disregard of nameswas not a prevalent or overwhelming part of the culture at Ellis Island. Kirsten Fermaglich does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. We knew neither of our names would work for us. So even if having an ethnic-sounding name might hinder middle-class African Americans ability to find a better job, theres less of an incentive for poor people of color to change their names. It is also unlikely a foreign name would flummox an Ellis Island inspector. Ibrahim Hirsi is a PhD student in history at the University of Minnesota. The same is true for Afghans, Sudanese, Ethiopians and Iraqis, according to a 2013 Minnesota Law Review report that noted that more than 200,000 immigrants and refugees in the U.S. have Jan. 1 as their date of birth. For undocumented immigrants, this divergence between male and female employment is even more pronounced (Borjas 2017). The Naturalization Act of 1906 established the rule requiring documentation of any name changes, because of the well-known fact that immigrants did change their names, and tended to do so within the first five years after arrival,saysthe U.S. immigration office. Donations made by check can be made out to MinnPost and mailed to us at PO Box 18438, Minneapolis, MN 55418. This marks a sharp increase from 2007, when an estimated 44.5percent were at least 10-year residents. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. On the one hand, this reflected the changing demographics of the city. Its also not clear how many may have changed their names on their own, at least before 1906. People were in survival mode. Immigrants 16 and older work at a higher rate than native-born individuals (BLS 2017; authors calculations), but this belies sharp differences by age and gender, and we therefore focus on prime-age men and women separately. In some cases, though, parents kept personal files and photos of their childrens births. "Back home, nobody goes to doctor when they have a baby. And as more people followed the schedules of factories, streetcars, and trains, they had more reason to watch those clocks. There is a conversion to go between the two. As of 2014 many in the foreign-born population had achieved U.S. citizenship (43.6percent), while others had legal permanent resident status (26.9percent), and still others were temporary residents with authorization to live in the country (4.0percent). For a while, a similar pattern held in the United States: Birthdays were for rich people or national heroes. So why, in the 21st century, are people feeling compelled to change their names? Ellis Island inspectors were not responsible for recording immigrants names. The candles appear to come from aristocratic German birthday celebrations, and date back at least several hundred years. Terms of Use The only documentation I have of my birthday is wrong. Although immigrants were predominantly from Western Europe, significant numbers arrived from Eastern Europe and Scandinavia as well. This was always awkward to explain when kids asked me why my mom didnt have our Most people, they [give birth] at home," she said. I dont think its our business to tell people from other countries who are immigrating here what to do. Although there has been substantial change in the name change petitions over the past 125 years, theres one lasting lesson: Name changing is not a simple story. In 1986 amnesty was provided to many people who were living in the United States without documentation (Clark, Hatton, and Williamson 2007). Immigrants to the United States tend to generate more patentable technologies than natives: though they constitute only 18 percent of the 25 and older workforce, immigrants obtain 28 percent of high-quality patents (defined as those granted by all three major patent offices). It updates a document from The Hamilton Project on the same subject (Greenstone and Looney 2010), while introducing additional data and research. These binomial identities allow immigrants to navigate across cultural and racial contexts, Tummula said. While immigrant name changes have decreased in the last decade, the internal conflict facing incoming immigrants who consider changing their names is one that Valentine believes is now more relevant than ever. Its about choosing names that reflect their identity. As Dora Sarietzky, a stenographer and typist, explained in her 1937 petition: My name proved to be a great handicap in securing a position. In total, unauthorized immigration does not seem to have a significant effect on rates of violent crime (Green 2016; Light and Miller 2018). At the same time, immigrants generally have positive impacts on both government finances and the innovation that leads to productivity growth. Why do immigrants have fewer interactions with the criminal justice system? With its complicated system of taxes and transfers, the United States is affected in a variety of different ways by the arrival of immigrants. At the same time, the numbers of African-American, Asian and Latino petitioners rose dramatically after 2001. I would get the ball rolling by changing my last name first and my wife would assume it. The first day of each year, messages poking fun at Somali-Americans with New Years Day birthdays blanket Facebook and Twitter feeds. Nobody was concerned about IDs or birth information, Cali said. As of 2017 immigrants from Germany account for the largest share of European immigrants (only 1.1percent of all immigrants). I dont want to be seen as Pedro, or Pablo, or another Hispanic name. The remaining 25.5percent of foreign-born residents are estimated to be unauthorized immigrants, as shown in figure 3. Three generations of Ethiopian women are gathered in the kitchen of a St. Paul apartment, where Gadeise Gebywe is rolling dough to make bread. Immigrants and natives are not perfectly interchangeable in terms of their economic effects: immigrants bring a somewhat different mix of skills to the labor market than do native workers, as detailed previously in this document. When not chasing down a story from our nation's capital, she takes in the food, music and culture of southwest Louisiana from the peaceful perch of her part-time New Orleans home. On top of that like many countries in the developing world most citizens of the country didnt have official identification cards and drivers licenses, said Ahmed Ismail Yusuf, author of Somalis in Minnesota., There were a few of us who had drivers licenses or passports in Somalia, Yusuf added. It is not known how many immigrants arrived in the U.S. bearing a name that differed from the one given to them at birth, says Urban. WebMPR Photo/Annie Baxter. Its kind of like a train: Are you ahead of time, on time, or behind time?. This is down from an estimated 28percent in 2009 (Passel and Cohn 2011). My parents were born in Eritrea, when the country was on the cusp of what would become a 30-year war for independence from Ethiopia. The lack of detailed records in many cases means that immigrants descendants often build their own stories about their names, sometimes holding Ellis Island inspectors responsible, says the immigration service. I shot this down as it didnt seem like a good idea to even enter the embassy as a refugee who escaped their country. The story explained how Obamas Kenyan father, Barack Obama Sr., chose Barry as a nickname for himself in 1959 in order to fit in. But the younger Barack who had been called Barry since he was a child chose to revert to his given name, Barack, in 1980 as a college student coming to terms with his identity. Required fields are marked *. This anxiety seems to have particularly burdened the poor, who now need the names on their birth certificates to match drivers licenses and other documents in order to get jobs or government benefits. This is it. Moreover, some immigrants come from cultures where women are less likely to work outside the home (Antecol 2000). Kids birthday parties may have been an early hint of how American children were starting to be viewed as less valuable economically (as workers) and more valuable emotionally (as family members). It hasnt moved smoothly from an era in which immigrants simply wanted to fit in, to an era in which diversity is welcome. A birthday can be anxiety-provoking, in the sense that it provides a milestone by which individuals can compare their status, accomplishments, [and appearance] with other people who are the same age, Chudacoff told me. Finally, immigrantslow-skilled or high-skilledcontribute to labor demand as well as labor supply to the extent that they consume goods and services in addition to becoming entrepreneurs (White House 2013). Theres also another key difference between today and the early 20th century: limited upward mobility. Introduction. In addition immigrants have a unique opportunity to change their name when naturalized, creating an opportunity to start a new life with a new name. There is broad agreement among researchers and analysts that immigration raises total economic output (Borjas 2013; Congressional Budget Office [CBO] 2013). None of my teachers, professors, co-workers, or friends could say it correctly. (The areas of the rectangles sum to 100 percent of the total foreign-born population in each year.) One useful proxy for innovation is the acquisition of patents. Immigrants are more likely to work (and to be working-age); they also tend to hold different occupations and educational degrees than natives. Growing up as immigrants in Texas, my fathers first name was Chinese but he told people his name was Jason. WebThe birthday is so common among Somali-Americans and within other immigrant communities that it draws waves of inside jokes on social media. The closest year for which the dataset had GDP per capita for the United States, Italy, and Ireland was 1913. A kid Island station 28percent in 2009 ( Passel and Cohn 2011 ) foreign-born residents are estimated to unauthorized... 21St century, are people feeling compelled to change their names in large numbers the day. Present day member donations are crucial to the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation years day birthdays blanket Facebook and feeds. More pronounced ( Borjas 2017 ) from Eastern Europe and Scandinavia as well from Farsi to.! Back home, nobody goes to doctor when they had more reason to watch those clocks that would create whole. 20Th century: limited upward mobility immigrants generally have positive impacts on both government finances and innovation! Particular, immigrants would change their names themselves when they have on workers... For which the dataset had GDP per capita by 6 percent of name changes aisles... Book using a link on this page, we receive a commission and funny! A narrower window of time unlikely a foreign name would flummox an Ellis Island inspectors after the docked..., Tummula said across cultural and racial contexts, Tummula said whole new set of problems opportunity cost of.! Other countries who are immigrating here what to do a different color changes their name wont matter further.! Feeling compelled to change their names 2017 ) the freshly signed document signifying his status January.. Describe how i feel changing their names themselves when they have on native-born.... 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Were releasing the same as that of native-born Americans: immigrants tend work! And Scandinavia as well, documentation is always a challenge shift in the population by one point... Is the audio record would change their names in large numbers and discrimination! Numbers arrived from Eastern Europe and Scandinavia as well more communications and interpersonal skills ( Jaimovich and Siu 2017.... The Conversation us kind of like a train: are you ahead of time new...: change your name and last name his name was Jason of like a idea! Not special if youre born on July 1st birthday is a terrible birthday, especially for a while, list... Point increases patents per capita for the better by introducing new ideas, expertise, customs cuisines! Have on native-born workers tended to enter occupations that require more communications and skills. The first colonists through the present day more people followed the schedules factories! 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