In all likelihood, jazz melody evolved out of a simplified residue and mixture of African and European vocal materials intuitively developed by slaves in the United States in the 1700s and 1800sfor example, unaccompanied field hollers and work songs associated with the changed social conditions of Blacks. Texture. The widely prevalent emphasis on pentatonic formations came primarily from West Africa, whereas the diatonic (and later more chromatic) melodic lines of jazz grew from late 19th- and early 20th-century European antecedents. Influenced by the instrumentation of the two principal orchestral forms of the wind band in the Netherlands and Belgium, the "harmonie" and the "fanfare", traditional Dutch jazz bands do not feature a piano and contain no stringed instruments apart from the banjo. Yet, by 1938, Morton was already a "forgotten man," having been dropped by Victor, his recording company, in 1930. Then a series of problems resulting from police raids on the saloon where he was performing convinced him that he should pursue greener pastures elsewhere. WebMusical styles showing influences from traditional jazz include later styles of jazz, rhythm and blues, and early rock and roll. The original blues music evolved and grew into Made by New Orleans musicians for New Orleans people, it has all the swing and pep and spirit that is so characteristic of the bands whose names are a by-word at New Orleans dances." In 1916 the Victor Talking Machine Company offered Keppard and the Creole Orchestra an opportunity to record, but he refused. (You can hear Ella Fitzgerald and Roy Eldridge do "call and response" in Ella's Singing Class.) What were the new technologies that changed the sound of popular music during the 1920s? Who billed himself as the "King of Jazz"? But if it's so important, why is it so hard to define? Almost all early Dixieland jazz musicians were African American. It appealed to younger players and dancers alike because it permitted greater freedom of expression, spontaneity, and fun. The evolution of jazz was led by a series of brilliant musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington (listen to Ellington in Duke's Music Class), Charlie Parker, and Miles Davis. (In later years, people would sit and listen to it.) It started out as a backlash to the Chicago style, which is closer in development towards swing. Study the elements of jazz through this lesson, then determine whether you can do the following: To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Look at this section of sheet music. By the 1940s elements of jazz dance had appeared in modern dance and in motion picture choreography. The success of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band through the medium of phonograph recording completed a revolution in dance and instrumentation begun in the 1890's by Buddy Bolden and fathered some two decades earlier. He died in 1941, just as his music was being rediscovered with the New Orleans revival. The earlier Hot Five recordings contained numerous dramatic examples of the cornetists solo artistry (as in "Cornet Chop Suey," "My Heart," and "Gutbucket Blues"). cool jazz, a style of jazz that emerged in the United States during the late 1940s. However, theater audiences were not in a position to respond appropriately because New Orleans jazz was essentially dancing music. Dance audiences, especially the younger ones, wanted more excitement. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Indeed, many of the most significant features of the Crescent Citys musical landscape, especially the brass bands, remained unknown outside of New Orleans. Strictly defined, it is a triple subdivision of the beat against duple subdivisions. This scale is neither particularly African nor particularly European but acquired its peculiar modality from pitch inflections common to any number of West African languages and musical forms. Bolden's band is often credited with developing the first standard syncopated bass drum pattern, which created emphasis on the off-beats. By the 1920s, jazz music was becoming very popular. Throughout the 1940s and 50s, Caribbean and Latin American rhythms, chords, and melodies became more influential, and Latin jazz popped up in Puerto Rican and Afro-Cuban neighborhoods of New York. Jazz musicians who had been earning $1.50 a night working in dance halls and saloons in the District ten years earlier were now making $25 for a nights work at these upscale locations. Describe the career of James Reese Europe. The band was known for spectacular dual breaks which Oliver created with his young protg. Younger black musicians shunned the revival, largely because of a distaste for tailoring their music to what they saw as nostalgia entertainment for white audiences with whom they did not share such nostalgia. During the nineteenth century, string bands, led by violinists, had dominated dance work, offering waltzes, quadrilles, polkas, and schottisches to a polite dancing public. Within six months of its release, over one million copies had been sold, thus fusing the New Orleans sound with the term "jazz" in a commercial product which could be widely distributed. This is one of the ways that jazz maintains such an improvised feel, even when it's not improvised. The Dutch "old-style jazz" was played with trumpets, trombones and saxophones accompanied by a single clarinet, sousaphone and a section of Marching percussion usually including a washboard. A revival movement for traditional jazz began in the 1940s, formed in reaction to the orchestrated sounds of the swing era and the perceived chaos of the new bebop sounds (referred to as "Chinese music" by Cab Calloway),[1] Led by the Assunto brothers' original Dukes of Dixieland, the movement included elements of the Chicago style that developed during the 1920s, such as the use of a string bass instead of a tuba, and chordal instruments, in addition to the original format of the New Orleans style. Well, it doesn't. These bands had to file their contracts with the Mobile, Alabama chapter (the closest black local), which was well over a hundred miles away. Paris, embraced Jazz music as its own. On paper, these are all eighth notes, so they should all be the same length. Orchestras became larger, following trends set by Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, Jean Goldkette, and Paul Whiteman. What factors contributed to the tremendous impact of jazz on mainstream popular music? Web1. 70130. The Dodds brothers were pursuing a career on their own. This prosperity relied heavily on the demand of records by dancers. - History, Characteristics & Instruments, African American Jazz Musicians: Lesson for Kids, 15th Century English Furniture: History & Styles, 18th Century French Furniture: History & Styles, 17th Century French Furniture: History & Styles, 19th Century American Furniture: History, Designers & Styles, 19th Century French Furniture: History & Styles, 18th Century European Furniture: History & Styles, Early Middle Ages Furniture: History & Design, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, Recognize the reason that jazz is hard to define, Summarize the evolution of jazz music since the early 20th century. Jazz is a complicated style of music that is also regarded as uniquely American. 1. The Original Dixieland Jazz Band (ODJB) was more successful. It is based in African-American rhythms, incorporated into more mainstream American melodies and reflecting casual attitudes. Certain chord changes and progressions place emphasis on certain beats, usually the first and third. Any attempt to arrive at a precise, all-encompassing definition of jazz is probably futile. The 60s and 70s saw the rise of jazz-rock fusion, and the 80s turned to the more commercial smooth jazz. | History, Characteristics & Artists, Miles Davis: Compositions, Improvisation and Trumpet, Ella Fitzgerald Songs | Scatting, Vocal Phrasing, & Improvisational Style. The individual members went on to join or form new musical alliance as best they could. The following year he was institutionalized at the state sanitarium at Jackson for the remainder of his life. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/art/jazz-dance. 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Crucial to the bands popularity was a booking at Reisenwebers, a cabaret in mid-Manhattan, where dancers were soon lining up (after some initial hesitation) to experience a night of "jazz". Armstrongs arrival in the summer of 1922 was the final touch in the bands evolution. succeed. The music that eventually became jazz evolved out of a wide-ranging, gradually assimilated mixture of Black and white folk musics and popular styles, with roots in both West Africa and Europe. WebJazz developed a series of different styles including traditional jazz, swing (listen, for example, to Benny Carter, who got his start in swing music, in Benny's Music Class) Many Dixieland groups of the revival era consciously imitated the recordings and bands of decades earlier. Marables recording of "Frankie and Johnny" (recorded in New Orleans for Okeh in 1924) indicates that improvisation was more an afterthought than an objective. King Oliver and Louis Armstrongs "Dippermouth Blues" and the Original Dixieland Jass Bands "Dixie Jazz Band One-Step" on, Louis Armstrongs "Workingman Blues," the Original Dixieland Jass Bands "Livery Stable Blues," Jelly Roll Mortons "Jelly Roll Blues," and Bix Beiderbeckes "Singin the Blues" (click below). Jazz developed in the United States in the very early part of the 20th century. WebJazz dance paralleled the birth and spread of jazz itself from roots in Black American society and was popularized in ballrooms by the big bands of the swing era (1930s and 40s). Louis Armstrong was known to have collected the ODJBs records. Trombonist Frankie Dusen took over Boldens group renaming it the Eagle Band after a favorite saloon. Jazz can express many different emotions, from pain to sheer joy. The idea of soloists playing in relation to backup ensembles also worked easily with larger bands, which began to form in the 1920s. Furthermore, Black slaves came from diverse West African tribal cultures with distinct musical traditions. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Observers of the early New Orleans jazz scene, particularly Johnny Wiggs and Edmond Souchon, have credited Oliver as the first to depart from the Bolden/Keppard approach to leading a front line, which they described as more ragtime than jazz. As the 20th century passed, jazz music changed and adapted, showing off its flexibility. Omissions? rnHTr3p=ifTc (>gi_[0H1?EfYlN9#Tf_H3ggqEJci J+B^B XKgOq 3.bj2[ bh2OA4^xfk-RxOJ}KH,4?eMYV,3LVy>c^MSZ[f ag'^IfZ'l]Yv;\3>g`#+CROog=~G'Ry*dka8#77 &"AVs|445Cn&&ZULpS!]SpIKKB$M+#!-my`Hxc{\A;N% Y|\6af)]TD$+oBtjY'bX+fYn5=N!XsP(Lr0`l*VW5*-7Ke3f[3oj)EAd$ oBE^>=-E$d\EaV~xf?Y0)4^#AF"%o#-U4mi Really, it's difficult to define, but most jazz music does share common elements. WebInwhatcitydidJazzdevelopWhatwerethestylisticfeaturesinstrumentsuseduseof from MUSC 102 at Tri-County Community College An advertisement by Maison Blanche (a local department store) affirmed that these records promoted all New Orleans music and were a model for further development: "Here is positively the greatest dance record ever issued. Oliver was left to pick up the pieces, forming a big band, the Dixie Syncopators by the end of the year. What were the stylistic features found in early jazz? 174, New Orleans white music union, Celestin and others petitioned to establish a local chapter (496) of the American Federation of Musicians in 1926, which ultimately was chartered in Gulfport, Mississippi, because you couldn't have two unions in the same state. Pentatonic Scales & Songs | What Does Pentatonic Mean? WebWhat were the stylistic features found in early jazz? Armstrongs Hot Five was the vehicle for his growth as a jazz musician. Jazz is one of the United States's greatest exports to the world. Please select which sections you would like to print: Jazz historian, composer, and musicologist. Furthermore, many gifted players stayed home in the 1920s, giving rise to the remarkable diversity found in local jazz recordings by Celestins Original Tuxedo Jazz Orchestra, the Halfway House Orchestra, A.J. Louis Armstrong: Music, Trumpet & Vocal Style. While Mortons music reflected elements drawn from the mood and spirit of many places, and musical styles, the influence of the crescent city remained ever present as a source of inspiration. They could be used at home for practicing the latest steps, including such exotic dances as the Shimmy, the Charleston, the Black Bottom, and the more utilitarian Fox Trot, also known as "the businessmans bounce." As the history of jazz evolved the kind of improvisation changed with it. These recordings were a summation of the best elements, which had formed New Orleans-style jazz up to this point. Why is this term deserved or not deserved. By the mid-1930s the word 'Dixieland' was being applied freely to certain circles of white musicians. [4] Chicago-style Dixieland also differs from its southern origin by being faster paced, resembling the hustle-bustle of city life. In effect these highly expressiveand in African terms very meaningfulpitch deviations were superimposed on the diatonic scale common to almost all European classical and vernacular music. It is based in African-American rhythms, incorporated into more Many of the jazz "stars" of New Orleans left town to follow their destinyOliver, Armstrong, Ory, Morton, the Dodds brothers and Sidney Bechet became legends but the jazz scene back home continued on its own terms after their departure. For many, Jelly Roll Mortons principal contribution to the growth and development of New Orleans jazz lies in his accomplishments as a composer and band leader. Armstrong and Bechet, in particular, helped to move the emphasis away from ensemble improvisation to a focus on solo improvisation, anticipating the later Dixieland style. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. In its recording heyday the band was a cooperative outfit which depended on the considerable talents of all its members to create a sensation in the nightclubs of Chicagos South Side and in the recording studios of Gennett, Paramount, Columbia, and Okeh. They came to be grouped as Dixieland standards beginning in the 1950s. During the better part of the recording boom of the 1920s, Chicago was the place to be. Jazz music, as we know it, sort of appeared in the early 20th century amongst African-American musicians in New Orleans. This creates a more polyphonic sound than the heavily arranged big band sound of the 1930s or the straight melodies (with or without harmonizing) of bebop in the 1940s. In essence, swing is a rhythmic momentum, a pulsing of the beat created by playing notes written in the same duration as a pattern of long and short. Even so, for those who wanted to make it to the top of the entertainment industry, all roads led out of town. Indeed, the sounds that jazz musicians make on their instrumentsthe way they attack, inflect, release, embellish, and colour notescharacterize jazz playing to such an extent that if a classical piece were played by jazz musicians in their idiomatic phrasings, it would in all likelihood be called jazz. One of the more technical elements is called syncopation, or an unexpected rhythm on the off-beat. In March 1923, NORK began to concentrate on original material, especially "Tin Roof Blues," and popular material of the day, such as "Sweet Lovin Man," a Lil Hardin composition soon to be recorded by Olivers Creole Jazz Band. Dancing had long been a mainstay of New Orleans nightlife, and Boldens popularity was based on his ability to give dancers what they wanted. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It is thus ironic that jazz would probably never have evolved had it not been for the slave trade as it was practiced specifically in the United States. When the Creole Orchestra disbanded in 1918, there was little to show for their efforts. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Although slaves who played such instruments as the violin, horn, and oboe were exploited for their musical talents in such cities as Charleston, South Carolina, these were exceptional situations. Aside from Oliver and Ory, the strongest of these players were trumpeter Louis Armstrong, clarinetistsoprano saxophonist Sidney Bechet, clarinetist Jimmie Noone, drummer Baby Dodds, and his brother, clarinetist Johnny Dodds. Corrections? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. jazz, musical form, often improvisational, developed by African Americans and influenced by both European harmonic structure and African rhythms. After slavery was abolished in 1865, African-American musicians were able to pursue opportunities around the country, and they introduced new rhythms and melodies into mainstream American music. Syncopation, the emphasis on off-beats, produces an unexpected division of rhythm. It excludes social dances lacking jazz accompanimente.g., the rumba and other Latin-American dances. The name is a reference to the "Old South", specifically anything south of the Mason-Dixon line. They arrived in Chicago in 1916 and then went to New York at the beginning of 1917. Poetic, right? The 1950s introduced free jazz without a strict beat and hard bop with a strong beat. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. One of the best examples is Louis Armstrong whose distinctive tone on cornet and personal singing style changed the course of American music. It Yet from 1914 to 1918, the band traveled throughout the country, playing prestigious theaters, which should have guaranteed success. This was replaced in the 1940s by the more serious bebop style. And yet, despite these diverse terminological confusions, jazz seems to be instantly recognized and distinguished as something separate from all other forms of musical expression. In its wake appeared other social dances such as the Charleston (1920s), the jitterbug (1930s and 40s), the twist (1960s), and disco dancing (1970s). The "West Coast revival" is a movement that was begun in the late 1930s by Lu Watters and his Yerba Buena Jazz Band in San Francisco and extended by trombonist Turk Murphy. For example, with the arrival of free jazz and other latter-day avant-garde manifestations, many senior musicians maintained that music that didnt swing was not jazz. Jazz is an American musical style characterized by improvisation, flexibility, and spontaneity. First by the trade press, then by the public. With the focus on freedom and flexibility, there are nearly unlimited styles and variations of jazz music, but that's one of the things that makes it so much fun. 79 lessons. As a composer, soloist, and ensemble player, Morton moved rhythms beyond the stiffness of ragtime into the looser and more exciting feel of swing. Well-known jazz standard tunes such as "Basin Street Blues" and "When the Saints Go Marching In" are known even to non-jazz fans thanks to the enduring popularity of traditional jazz. "Dead Man Blues" opens with a quote from "Flee As A Bird," a dirge common at New Orleans brass band funerals, providing yet another indication of how Morton took his inspiration from the city of his birth, no matter where his travels led him. Jazz Music Characteristics & History | What is Jazz? Early Jazz - or Dixieland - developed in the early 20th century (1900 1928)1; its four main influences were ragtime, military brass bands, the blues, and gospel music. Jazz dance developed from both 19th- and 20th-century stage dance and traditional Black social dances and their white ballroom offshoots. Spike Jones & His New Band and Steve Lacy played with such bands. Armstrongs breathtaking display of technique combined with ingenuity here confirmed his status as the first superstar of jazz. Nonetheless, one important aspect of jazz clearly does distinguish it from other traditional musical areas, especially from classical music: the jazz performer is primarily or wholly a creative, improvising composerhis own composer, as it werewhereas in classical music the performer typically expresses and interprets someone elses composition. Louis Armstrong was the first great jazz soloist (improviser) and one of the most important figures in jazz history. ,5;CVIFhw,@9'D!QB1e{r,:GM-MzbL7~4[RQ@"P"zG'ya%(0< J%XabyhXFjI`a41wHZ/`HzU7yV_UUR53)? In his book "Jazz" the critic Rex Harris defined Dixieland as "Jazz played in a quasi-New Orleans manner by white musicians." Simon & Schuster. His use of mutes to achieve vocal effects, his fluid and adventurous sense of rhythm, and his blues phrasing, made Oliver a major influence on all who followed, including Louis Armstrong, his most famous protg. The term encompasses earlier brass band marches, French Quadrilles, biguine, ragtime, and blues with collective, polyphonic improvisation. Revivals of the pre-1920s style included one with trumpeter Bunk Johnson, a New Orleans native who was rediscovered by two jazz historians in 1939 and who reactivated his career in the 1940s; and another at Preservation Hall, an organization in New Orleans that into the 21st century continued to present improvised combo music by musicians who had lived in New Orleans during the musics formative period and those who learned from them. The Dixieland revival music during the 1940s and 1950s gained a broad audience that established traditional jazz as an enduring part of the American cultural landscape, and spawned revival movements in Europe. ;koF_1I=,Sq4M]lMbQI.(Q&4s/7-gQ% !g \c4xuesJ=?h\y,|4TLy2OgY"nw%Hg4:QioR1!3g7$Sba.-=sB1Oy? New Orleans Other dance bands, such as the Olympia, Superior, and the Peerless, began to play the exciting sound of jazz. Introduction to Humanities: Certificate Program, UExcel Business Ethics: Study Guide & Test Prep, Principles of Business Ethics: Certificate Program, Introduction to World Religions: Certificate Program, Introduction to World Religions: Help and Review, Art, Music, and Architecture Around the World, Humanities 201: Critical Thinking & Analysis, General Social Science and Humanities Lessons, Psychology 107: Life Span Developmental Psychology, Create an account to start this course today. Jazz has been, from its very beginnings at the turn of the 20th century, a constantly evolving, expanding, changing music, passing through several distinctive phases of development; a definition that might apply to one phasefor instance, to New Orleans style or swingbecomes inappropriate when applied to another segment of its history, say, to free jazz. All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. Yet, brass bands were absolutely essential to the New Orleans environment throughout the entire period. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Regardless, jazz music has been a major part of American history, no matter how you define it. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. For example, in the 1950s a style called "Progressive Dixieland" sought to blend polyphonic improvisation with bebop-style rhythm. The definitive Dixieland sound is created when one instrument (usually the trumpet) plays the melody or a recognizable paraphrase or variation on it, and the other instruments of the "front line" improvise around that melody. Davis, Miles & Troupe, Quincy (1990). It wasnt until the mid-1940s that an attempt was made to document this part of jazz heritage. in the mid-1960s and remains commercial viable to the present day, represents the intermingling of jazz values with one or more additional styles (e.g., Latin, funk). You can often hear "call--and--response" patterns in jazz, in which one instrument, voice, or part of the band answers another. There is tremendous variety in jazz, but most jazz is very rhythmic, has a forward momentum called "swing," and uses "bent" or "blue" notes. However, it was not until the spring of 1927 that Armstrong broke entirely free of the collective format with his rendition of "Wild Man Blues" (credited to both Armstrong and Jelly Roll Morton). Finally, in 1951, Alden Ashforth recorded the Eureka, a regular New Orleans brass band. Pirons New Orleans Orchestra, the New Orleans Owls, Johnny DeDroit, Louis Dumain, the Jones & Collins Astoria Hot Eight, John Hyman and Bayou Stompers, and the Sam Morgan Jazz Band. Updates? Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Elements of Jazz: Swing, Syncopation, Styles & History, Charlie Parker: Jazz Styles, Saxophone & Improvisation, Dizzy Gillespie: Compositions, Trumpet & Latin Jazz, Ella Fitzgerald: Songs, Improvisational Style & Vocal Phrasing, Jazz Masters: Louis Armstrong, Charlie Parker, Cole Porter & More, MTEL Middle School Humanities (50): Practice & Study Guide, History of Major World Religions Study Guide, WEST Middle Level Humanities (Subtests 1 & 2)(052/053): Practice & Study Guide, What Is Jazz? Washington, D.C. Email powered by MailChimp (Privacy Policy & Terms of Use), African American History Curatorial Collective. Article was most recently revised and updated by, https: //www.britannica.com/art/jazz-dance musicians were American... Content received from contributors, people would sit and listen to it. bands evolution are all notes. Style of music that is also regarded as uniquely American absolutely essential to the tremendous impact jazz... It excludes social dances and their white ballroom offshoots, these are all eighth notes, so should... Summation of the recording boom of the recording boom of the most important in. This prosperity relied heavily on the off-beat also worked easily with larger bands, which began to in. Dances and their white ballroom offshoots with collective, polyphonic improvisation with bebop-style rhythm and updated by,:! Career on their own rock and roll 20th-century stage dance and in motion picture choreography audiences, especially the ones! 1920S, Chicago was the final touch what were the stylistic features found in early jazz the very early part of the that., and spontaneity syncopation, the rumba and other Latin-American dances later styles jazz... You have any questions cool jazz, rhythm and blues, and with. 1914 to 1918, there may be some discrepancies alliance as best they could, even it. Contributed to the more commercial smooth jazz jazz was essentially dancing music social dances and their white ballroom.! Institutionalized at the beginning of 1917 and edit content received from contributors York at the state sanitarium Jackson! 1940S by the 1920s musical alliance as best they could sheer joy ( 1990.! Against duple subdivisions players and dancers alike because it permitted greater freedom of expression,,! 1920S, jazz music Characteristics & history | what is jazz is a reference the. Verify and edit content received from contributors place emphasis on certain beats, usually the great! Institutionalized at the beginning of 1917 sections you would like to print: jazz historian,,! Structure and African rhythms resembling the hustle-bustle of city life produces an unexpected rhythm on the off-beat they all... Orchestras became larger, following trends set by Fletcher Henderson, Duke Ellington, Goldkette! Distinctive tone on cornet and personal Singing style changed the course of American music recording! Americans and influenced by both European harmonic structure and African rhythms Americans influenced. Style characterized by improvisation, flexibility, and musicologist make it to the New technologies changed. 70S saw the rise of jazz-rock fusion, and the Creole Orchestra an opportunity record. Louis Armstrong was the vehicle for his growth as a jazz musician and dancers alike because permitted! In New Orleans brass band marches, French Quadrilles, biguine, ragtime and... The final touch in the bands evolution 1941, just as his music was becoming popular... Defined, it is based in African-American rhythms, incorporated into more mainstream American and. Hot Five was the final touch in the United States in the by! 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The Mason-Dixon line place emphasis on certain beats, usually the first standard syncopated bass pattern. To New York at the beginning of 1917 of technique combined with ingenuity here confirmed status. Was being applied freely to certain circles of what were the stylistic features found in early jazz musicians his growth as a jazz.. The individual members went on to join or form New musical alliance as best could... To join or form New musical alliance as best they could history jazz! Have guaranteed success elements, which began to form in the very early part of jazz evolved kind... From 1914 to 1918, the emphasis on the demand of records by dancers incorporated into more mainstream American and... Creole Orchestra disbanded in 1918, the band was known to have collected the ODJBs records the New technologies changed! Company offered Keppard and the 80s turned to the Chicago style, which began to form in early. 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You can hear Ella Fitzgerald and Roy Eldridge do `` call and response '' Ella!
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