The aunties are more depressed, and Kate is slowly going loopy, but for the rest, Billys disappearance, and presumed death, are just new topics of gossip to slip in between Bible pegging and feuds over geese and cats. For all their foibles, they are the rocks in the play, the ones who took Billy in when they had no reason to and treated him as their own. The Americans have come to the neighboring island of Inishmore to film The Man of Aran, and all of Inishmaan is talking about it. The plot favors the comedy archetype. While everyone else is bound to someone in a not-exactly-love/hate relationship, Billy stands, albeit wobbly, alone. And as news of his audacity ripples thorugh his rumour-starved community, The Cripple of Inishmaan becomes a merciless portrayal of a world so comically cramped and mean-spirited that hope is an affront to its order. GLENDALE, Calif.Three tiny outcroppings of rock called the Aran Islands appear on the map as if guarding the entrance to Galway Bay on the rugged Atlantic coast of Ireland. Mammy: They should give the shark a belt, then leave the poor gasur alone. Frye states that comedy focuses on the social group, setting up an arbitrary law or humorous society and setting out to reform it. However, while Kates craziness is often very funny, it is not overblown, but shown as a deterioration of her nerves due to worry. Daniel Radcliffe plays a disabled orphan known locally as Cripple Billy Constantly mocked by the islanders, he survives the tedium of daily life by reading books and staring at cows. While the alazon in comedy often serves the role of blocking the hero from getting what he wants because he is a rival for the affections of the heroine, Johnnypateenmike, having no interest in Helen at all, seems more of a blocking figure to Billys quest to find a place where he is part of a community and accepted. The Cripple of Inishmaan is a play by Martin McDonagh that is set on the Aran Islands off the western coast of Ireland. WebThe Cripple of Inishmaan, on the other hand, is set in 1934another anomaly as it has McDonagh considering the distant past. I dont know if this is true or not, but either way McDonagh as early as 1996 was making a strong, pointed observation about representation of the disabled. Kate and Eileen, on the other hand, seem to fall mostly into the agroikos group of characters. On the other hand, Billy will die knowing what it is to be loved and wanted, rather than alone in America, and if one must die that is a better way to do it, so in that manner it could be called a happy ending, even if not what is traditionally thought of as such. McDonagh himself has used it in other satires. Johnnypateenmikes Mammy, on the other hand, is not only a caricature of the querulous old woman, but also can be said to be a satirical picture of the Irish stereotype of drunkenness. Cripple, however, is never obvious in its effects as is Beauty Queen, which keeps hitting you with matricide, stove-top torture and other Grand Guignol effects to move along its narrative. Brechts The Mother: The Revolution will not be dramatized, The Rosenberg Case: A play reading, one night only, Campaign gains steam to save Black Broadway show Aint No Mo, After months of denial, U.S. admits to running Ukraine biolabs. (39) In the end, however, it is Babbybobby who beats Billys head in with a lead pipe for lying to him, and Babbybobby who is arrested for his mistreatment of Billy, arguably made the scapegoat for all of the other characters myriad mistreatments of the boy through the many years of his life. The Playboy of the Western World. Likewise, McDonagh uses unincremental repetition to enhance the humor of the play, which Frye says belongs to comedy. Print. The Cripple of Inishmaan is set in 1934 on Inishmaan, the least populated of the Aran Islands in Galway Bay. The hero rebels against it, and the heros society rises up at the end to replace the society, but the replacement is really just a return to the golden age of what was before the disruption. (162) However, even with the blending, narratives still should fall mainly within one mythos or another. When Hollywood ultimately rejects him, Billy returns to Inishmaan, but he has the courage to approach Helen now, and ultimately wins her. WebThe Cripple of Inishmaan is a play by Martin McDonagh that is set on the Aran Islands off the western coast of Ireland. No, replies the kindly doctor. It shows human beings without convictions and with little hope, regulated by fate or fortune or incomprehensible powers. (87) While this is a workable and accurate description of the worlds McDonagh creates, it does not provide much insight into an archetypal analysis of his work against Fryes mythoi. (39) With all of this support, Babbybobby cannot truly be seen as a blocking character. (69) Further, throughout the play Johnnypateenmike has been accused of stealing his mother and fathers life savings to piss it away in the pubs. (33) Kate and Eileen reveal Billys parents had no insurance money at all, and that Johnnypateenmike actually stole the money to pay for the medical treatments that saved Billys life. Likewise, Babbybobby initially stands as an opposing force, refusing to take Billy in his boat until Billy shows him the forged note from the doctor saying he is dying, at which point Babbybobby turns into an accomplice who aids Billy on his quest. Print. WebThe Cripple of Inishmaan is a dark comedy by Martin McDonagh who links the story to the real life filming of the documentary Man of Aran. WebThe Cripple of Inishmaan is a dark comedy by Martin McDonagh who links the story to the real life filming of the documentary Man of Aran. Just when Cripple Billy (Fred Koehler) thinks his life on the bleak island of Inishmaan cant get any worse, theres a whole village full of idiots reminding him that it can. Where his aunties pander to and soothe Johnnypateenmike, the local gossip and newsman, to be sure they get any decent newseven if the news about the film is the first decent bit they have heard in twenty yearsBilly calls him out on the foolishness of running around talking about feuds oer geese and ewe-maiming be lonely fellows. (McDonagh, Cripple 63) He tells Babbybobby that there are plenty of others in town just as crippled as he is, but it is not on the outside it shows. Comedies assume that everyone is going to live happily ever after at the end. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Martin McDonagh. The Cripple of Inishmaan continues at the Antaeus Theatre Company through March 11 with performances on Fri. and Sat. He wrote the letter himself to fool Babbybobby into rowing him. (69) Thus, while Johnnypateenmike seems to play the role of a blocking alazon, in truth, comedically speaking, he turns out to be an eiron, stepping in to save the day in some waysfirst saving Billys life and then giving him the gift of the belief in his parents love, which likely plays a part in giving him the courage to approach Helen. Just as they have broken down in grief, Billy appears and we learn that the dying scene was his screen test in Hollywood, and that he was never sick at all. Helen taunts him saying his parents killed themselves to get away from him (16), mocks him for his fear of the sea (18), and laughs when he says he wants to go to the filming for a chance to be in it (20). The physically challenged Billy escapes across the water to see if he can find a role in the film, as the documentary will be hiring a number of locals. Sign up today to unlock amazing theatre resources and opportunities. At a recent production, an audience member was overheard calling it a very sweet play. One can realize that those cripples like Billy live among us; they are the part of our society, and they are usually not understood or not heard. These characters were those who did not believe that the cripple would have the good fortune to become a part of the film crew or that the movie he wanted to act in would be successful. Unfortunately, the mood is soured when Bobby, having realized Billy's deception, severely beats him with a pipe, despite McSharry confirming moments later that he might have contracted TB prior to traveling stateside. at 8 pm, Sun. It was interesting to watch every act, because one could imagine himself/herself in the small town where all citizens know each other and probably know everything about each other. Eric A. Gordon is the author of a biography of radical American composer Marc Blitzstein, co-author of composer Earl Robinsons autobiography, and the translator of a memoir by Brazilian author Hadasa Cytrynowicz. Knowing that he is dying, Billy finally gathers up the courage to do the one thing he never could before going to America and asks Helen, the local hellion of a girl who pegs eggs at priests, to go out walking with him. As with Kate and Eileen, the doctor does this mostly with Johnnypateenmike in his attempts to get him to stop giving his mammy alcohol, and his refusal to give in to the gossips pleading requests to tell him what is wrong with Billy Claven. Still, even with the sympathetic protagonist, A Skull in Connemara comes off as much as a satire as a comedy, ridiculing the corrupt country police and drunkards and standards that say drunk driving is not as bad as murder. The Cripple of Inishmaan is a play by Martin McDonagh that is set on the Aran Islands off the western coast of Ireland. Learn Will a trip to Hollywood make the poor boy into a movie star? It does not matter if one is Irish or belongs to any other nationality. Neither of the brothers is a very sympathetic character. 3 Reviews. Many of the characters are far more multi-layered than the satirical caricatures McDonagh draws in his other plays. The company website indicates which cast is appearing on which dates. New York: Dramatists Play Service, Inc., 2004. WebThe Cripple of Inishmaan is a dark and wicked comedy about Ireland, its people, their attraction to the perceived riches that America offers, and how the hopes and dreams that America promises don't always reflect the reality of life there. The play was produced Off-Broadway by the Atlantic Theater Company in conjunction with The Druid Theatre Company of Galway, Ireland, opening on 21 December 2008. Babbybobby could possibly bee seen as an alazon in attempting to keep Billy from the filming at first (McDonagh, Cripple 24) and later in his beating him for returning. The Lieutenant of Inishmore. "Cripple" Billy Claven, eager to escape the gossip, poverty and boredom of Inishmaan, vies for a part in the film, and to everyone's surprise, the orphan and outcast gets his chance. or so some believe.[1]. Flaherty never appears in McDonaghs play, but the famous filmmakers brief visit to the island offers Billy, the title character, his only possibility of escape from a theater of cruelty that never speaks the words challenged and handicapped. Will Billy be cast in Flahertys documentary? Billy is further demoralized when, despite Johnny's attempt to spin a romantic story about his parents' deaths, he overhears his aunts confirming that his parents died trying to kill him, and Johnny had been fronting the money for his medical expenses the whole time. WebThe Cripple of Inishmaan full plot summary including detailed synopsis and summaries for each scene. Benefit from Our Service: Save 25% Along with the first order offer - 15% discount, you save extra 10% since we provide 300 words/page instead of 275 words/page. Just when Cripple Billy (Fred Koehler) thinks his life on the bleak island of Inishmaan cant get any worse, theres a whole village full of idiots reminding him that it can. Against these four plays (excluding The Pillowman which is not one of McDonaghs Irish plays and in a very different tone than the other five), The Cripple of Inishmaan stands out almost as an anomaly. He sees the world around him, and recognizes the absurdity of it. Print. In comedy, the agroikos are rustics, gulls and straight men who allow the comedy to roll right off of them. WebAnalysis Of The Cripple Of Inishmaan. "The Cripple of Inishmaan: A CurtainUp Review", "National Theatre: Past Productions: 1996-2000", "The Public Theater: Past Productions: The Cripple of Inishmaan", "Marie Mullen, Beauty Queen Tony Winner, Begins Cripple of Inishmaan Run in NYC", "Martin McDonagh's The Cripple of Inishmaan, Starring Daniel Radcliffe, Begins Broadway Previews April 12", "68th Annual Tony Awards Nominations Announced; 'Gentleman's Guide' Leads the Pack", Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Cripple_of_Inishmaan&oldid=1141558661, Pages using infobox play with unknown parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Eileen Osbourne, Billy's other adoptive aunt and Kate's sister (is known to hide candy), Helen McCormick, a tough girl Billy has had a crush on for some time, Bartley McCormick, Helen's brother (the village idiot), Babbybobby Bennett, a boatman whose wife died of, Mammy O'Dougal, Johnny's alcoholic 90-year-old mother (is trying to drink herself dead), This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 17:34. If one was looking for something extraordinary and new for himself/herself, he/she was satisfied after watching the play. The Cripple of Inishmaan, a play thatll leave one wondering how someone could be so rude and against those who have disabilities. Another character group in comedy and satire is the alazon group. To play the village cripple, according to the play, Flaherty found a fully-abled young man from Fort Lauderdale. . The play, now on view at the Antaeus Theatre here, is one of a trilogy about the islands that includes The Lieutenant of Inishmore and The Banshees of Inisheer. [8], The 2014 Broadway production received six 2014 Tony Award nominations: Best Revival of a Play, Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Role in a Play (Sarah Greene), Best Scenic Design of a Play (Christopher Oram), Best Lighting Design of a Play For instance, his two aunts, and Helen, and Johnnypateenmike were the representatives of antagonism in the play. Lauren Lovett served as dialect coach. Two brothers drive a priest to suicide to try and bargain for their souls and force them to make up from their warring in The Lonesome West. In The Lieutenant of Inishmore the cat whose death caused all the bloodshed is actually alive. Learn WebThe Cripple of Inishmaan. The story speaks to us with a sure confidence that what it has to say matters. (Frye 163) In satire, the third phase sees the existent society replaced by a happy society, but this is done by attacking even common sense, and generally society is seen in a different light at the end. Billy did not get the part, but unexpectedly he did manage to be offered the opportunity to take a screen test in Hollywood for possible future roles. Rounding out the cast are the kind-hearted Doctor McSharry (Phil Proctor) and Johnnypateenmikes mother Mammy (Anne Gee Byrd in both partner casts), who enjoys her daily tippling. (Frye 172) The eirons generally include the hero and heroine and often the character involved in hatching schemes to bring about the heros success. WebAnalysis Of The Cripple Of Inishmaan. Dramatists Play Service Inc, 1999 - Drama - 72 pages. He has received numerous awards for his People's World writing from the International Labor Communications Association. (27) He shows real sympathy and kindness when he believes Billy is dying. Given an American premiere last season at the Joseph Papp Public Theater that was too broad -- more Oyrish than Irish -- the Geffen Playhouse's production of "The Cripple of Inishmaan" has attempted to rectify that problem by importing a few actors with the right credentials. Johnnypateenmike saw it, and swam out in rough seas to save him, and Billys parents drowned by accident. There is satire in that, as well, of the comic archetype all together. The bomolochoi are the buffoons, fools, clowns in a comedy who do not advance the plot but serve only to increase the comic mood or festivities. The audience is led to believe, along with Babbybobby, that Billy is dying of tuberculosis. Vennema. Cripple also has its share of lurid secrets to drop, but theyre more seamlessly built into McDonaghs storyline. When Mairtin, the boy helping him, lets slip that he has seen her bones, Mick assumes he dug her up for sport and plots to kill him for disturbing her. (Frye 177) In contrast, satire is driven by content, not form, so such a structure cannot be purely derived. Even Bartley, Helens younger brother who is generally a good-natured idiot who treats Billy as a friend, still laughs at the idea of him being in the film (20-21) and is astounded a cripple boy could come up with the scheme he did in fooling Babbybobby (55). (Frye 175) In satire, the agroikos are still generally rustics, but are moreso the plain, common sense folk who provide foils for the alazons. In Act 1, Scene 1, Johnnypateenmike informs Kate and Eileen that Jack Ellerys goose bit Patty Brennans cat on the tail and hurt that tail and Jack didnt apologize for that gooses biting at all, and now Patty Brennan doesnt like Jack Ellery at all and Patty and Jack used to be great friends. (8) The story grows throughout the four months the play encompasses from the goose and cat being missing a week and Johnnypateenmike hoping something awful has happened to them (33), to the goose and cat both having been found slaughtered (38), to learning Helen did the slaughtering for each of the men for payment (42), to finally Johnnypateenmikes final bit of news that even though everyone thought Jack and Patty would wind up slaughtering each other over their animals murders, a child saw them in a hay barn kissing the faces off one another. (63). However, she has none of the traits of an eiron in either mythos. WebSynopsis On the island of Inishmaan, off the coast of Ireland, there is not that much to do. [2] In April 1998, it opened Off-Broadway at the Joseph Papp Public Theater, again with Ruaidhri Conroy in the title role. Costume designer Garry D. Lennon recreates a poverty-stricken Depression-era village with only a sweater or skirt to suggest a 1930s sense of style. [6], Martin McDonagh said of his play, "I hope someday theyll be regarded as true Irish stories; I dont think they are at this minute. Id like to think we have moved past the bullying, the insults, the put-downs, the violence, but alas, we have not. Research Playwrights, Librettists, Composers and Lyricists. The characters waver from between comic groups to satirical groups, but seem to come out more heavily on the side of satire. Ed. Satirically, however, Johnnypateenmike fits the bill of an alazon quite well. Kindle. Print. Actually we create them and that is a sad fact. The brilliance of Martin McDonaghs play is that he takes an exceedingly glum situation and turns it into a comedy of uncommon hilarity. Frye, Northrop. Oftentimes, if not always, he misses the irony of others remarks, taking them as literal. This store was not just a shop where people bought food, but a place where all the town gossips were told and discussed. The important truth is that a real dark comedy makes one smile but the viewer has a constant feeling that something strange or terrible may happen the next moment. Babbybobbys wife died of tuberculosis and, feeling sorry for Billy, he agrees to take him. The village idiot, as Bartley is portrayed, nonetheless goes around quoting Johnnypateenmike on several occasions, both in telling about the filming of The Man of Aran (15) and later in telling a story about a goose and a cat. Variety is a part of Penske Media Corporation. In The Cripple of Inishmaan, dating from 1996, playwright Martin McDonagh spins a tragi-comic yarn woven from their sad dissatisfactions. (Frye 173) Nor is she a pragmatic character who avoids illusion, as in Fryes mythos of satire. If The Cripple of Inishmaan is a comedy, then Bartley undoubtedly fits into the bomolochoi group of characters. In order to help that feeling grow and not disappear the plays sounds were used. No one is more excited than Billy, an unloved and crippled boy whose chief occupation has been gazing at cows and yearning for a girl who wants no part of him. Before that, he gets to Inishmore and from there to Hollywood. Babbybobby is not amused by this, as his heart went out to Billy, genuinely touched by his predicament which mirrored his dead wifes so closely, and he beats him in a fit of anger. The Cripple of Inishmaan is a dark comedy by Martin McDonagh who links the story to the real life filming of the documentary Man of Aran. As that humor is arguably a commentary on the drunken stereotype, it seems more likely that Mammy is a satirical element than one of comedy, as she fits none of Fryes comic character groups. Kate and Eileen become despondent over what happened; Helen becomes more aggressive, and regularly takes it out on her younger brother Bartley; Johnny feels that his gossip giving has no purpose now that his best listener is gone. WebCharacter description, analysis and casting breakdown for Helen McCormick from The Cripple of Inishmaan Join StageAgent today and unlock amazing theatre resources and opportunities. View All Characters in The Cripple of Inishmaan. Bobby: A dead shark, aye, or a shark with no ears on him. Under the direction of Joe Dowling, this Cripple benefits immensely from the lovely comic performance of Dearbhla Molloy, who played the role of Eileen in the original Royal National Theatre production of the play. Steven Robman directsno small feat being the challenge of the rural Irish accent. One day, Billy learns that American filmmaker Robert Flaherty is on a neighboring island filming a documentary about life on the local islands. In his Anatomy of Criticism, Northrop Frye asserts that all narratives fall within four mythoi: comedy, romance, tragedy or irony and satire. Almost without exception, McDonaghs characters are highly flaweddamaged might be the more contemporary termgiven to acts and words of cruelty. It makes one laugh and cry at the same moment. At one point, the orphaned Billy wonders if his infirmity was the result of his drunken father beating his pregnant mother. Mexicos president under attack from neoliberals at home and in U.S. Shen Yun: The Falun Gong cults anti-communist propaganda roadshow, Israeli government welcomes Azov Battalion leader as honored guest, A few of the Communist women who shaped U.S. history, Abby Wilde as Helen and Joey Millin as Bartley / Geoffrey Wade Photography. "Cripple" Billy Claven is a disabled orphan living with his aunts Kate and Eileen Osbourne on the Irish island of Inishmaan. In a way, Hollywood is a substitute for Helen, who he thinks he cannot have. Martin McDonaghs Stagecraft. Martin McDonagh: A Casebook. The play takes place in the Island of Inishmaan, Ireland which is a rural community, where everyone knows everyones business. The play centers around Billy Claven, a young man who is physically disabled and is desperate to As Billy, Koehler creates a beautiful, quiet space at the plays center. The Americans have come to the neighboring island of Inishmore to film The Man of Aran, and all of Inishmaan is talking about it. The Cripple of Inishmaan is a play by Martin McDonagh that is set on the Aran Islands off the western coast of Ireland. Everything was designed in the old Irish grocery store style. The Lonesome West. Join StageAgent today and unlock amazing theatre resources and opportunities. Near the end, some twist in the plot allows the hero to have what he wants and he gets the girl and a happy society replaces the existent one. (Frye 226), In the second phase of both comedy and satire is when existent society remains. His parents died for him. Kindle. Billy has lived his life on the island being pitied and looked down upon as the village idiot, though he is actually quite intelligent and self-educated. (McDonagh, Cripple 8) He makes news from the smallest bits of gossip, to the point that Eileen remarks to Kate that Johnnypateen tells if a horse farts. (35) Even his own mother calls him the most boring oul fecker in Ireland. (33) Despite this, Johnnypateenmike is undeterred in seeing himself as a great man, a brilliant man, an orator of great skill (11) and a great newsman. No change occurs on a social level; the heros society does not replace what came before. ~ Joss Whedon. Dean, Joan Fitzpatrick. Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified. After spending the play mocking Billy and breaking eggs on Bartleys head, however, she reverses herself and turns out to have a heart of gold, revealing she got Bartley a telescope for his birthdaythe one thing he has always wanted and never hadand agreeing to go out walking with Billy. The Identity Politics of Martin McDonagh. Martin McDonagh: A Casebook. In 1934, the people of Inishmaan learn that the Hollywood director Robert Flaherty is coming to the neighbouring island to film his documentary Man of Aran. It is possible that they could be seen as stereotypical characters being satirized, but neither of them is quite large or loud enough. And from Dublins Abbey Theatre, Thomas MacGreevy and Rosaleen Linehan give understated and overstated performances, respectively, in supporting roles that require just such radically different interpretations. (53). The Kiki & David Gindler Performing Arts Center is located at 110 East Broadway, Glendale 91205. (25) In Act 2, Scene 2, Billy gives his death speech. Public Domain Books, 2006. (Frye 173) The hero in comedy often tends to be rather neutral and unformed, and the heroine can follow this pattern as well. On the island of Inishmaan, off the coast of Ireland, there is not that much to do. Because the existent society does not change, but settles back into the patterns it always has had, neither the third phase of comedy or satire applies to the play, and the analysis must rest on whether this is an ironic comedy in the first phase, with a moment of second phase thrown in, or a satire of the first phase which follows a similar plot arc to comedy. Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified. No one is more excited than Billy, an unloved and crippled boy whose chief occupation has been gazing at cows and yearning for a girl who wants no part of him. However, like Helen, Johnnypateenmike has a reversal in the last scene, where it is revealed that he is not quite the heartless fellow he has been portrayed to be the whole play. (30) Mammy has little to do with Billy besides pity him, and she serves no blocking purpose or plot purpose in Billys arc, so her purpose seems to be for humor. (61) However, the use of reversals and dispelling of illusions is not solely used in comedy. Bobby: Do you want a belt, you, mentioning green teethed girls? He abandons his aunties, driving one of themKatemad with her anxiety over him. Whether the ending is happy or not, the society cannot truly have been said to have changed greatly. The Cripple of Inishmaan: Phelim Drew as Johnnypateenmike and Sean Fox as Babbybobby, with a set by Owen MacCarthaigh. Wasnt it a shark ate daddy? Set designer John Iacovelli gives us a dark, stony interior. (28) He stands up for Billys decision to go to America to his aunties, defending him by pointing out its Billys life and his choices. In The Beauty Queen of Leenane a 40-something spinster murders her mother for burning a letter from a man she was in love with. He is something of a drama queen, demanding people listen to his news his way of delivering it, and pitching fits when they interrupt or fail to properly appreciate his news, no matter how small. Gain full access to show guides, character breakdowns, auditions, monologues and more. (47-48) Eileen and Kates grief is real and heartbreaking, and just as there is a moment of wondering just where the play is going to go, Billy is revealed to be alive and have faked the whole thing. Billy the Cripple, the main character of the play said that there is no good in laughing at people who are unhappy in their life. WebSynopsis On the island of Inishmaan, off the coast of Ireland, there is not that much to do. One killed his father over a criticism of his hair and the other covered it up for the price of his brothers half of their inheritance. And a clearly emotionally troubled seaman, Babbybobby (Seamus Dever), who lost his wife to TB. It does not matter if one is Irish or belongs to any other nationality. It is Johnnypateenmike who tries to find out what Billy and Babbybobby are up to, ostensibly to inform people Billy is trying to leave the island and why (26), and Johnnypateenmike who is the one who lets the cat out of the bag regarding Billys supposed case of tuberculosis. WebThe Cripple of Inishmaan is set on the island Inishmaan, off the Irish west coast in the year 1934. McDonaghs other Irish plays are all set in the relative presentthe last two or three decades, at least. Hollywood was a better choice than drowning, which he has often considered as he says, just to end the laughing at me, and the sniping at me, and the life of nothing but shuffling to the doctors and shuffling back from the doctors and pawing over the same oul books and finding any other way to piss another day away. 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