2. State the particular decision or situation you are appealing. If permission to appeal is granted, the appellant may then file a new skeleton argument and all of the parties must agree the . Reason. If you believe the gun found in your client's possession was not the gun used to murder the victim, it would be helpful to bring in a ballistics expert to prove that. "There are objective rights and wrongs in the world. Oral argument in the court of appeals is a structured discussion between the appellate lawyers and the panel of judges focusing on the legal principles in dispute. For example, in politics, sometimes the most experienced candidates those who might be the most credible candidates fail to win elections because voters do not accept their character. Emotional appeals often manipulate people's emotions in order to persuade, and ethical appeals rely on qualities that might not pass the truth test. Ethos that is centered on the author revolves around two concepts: the credibility of the author and his or her character. While justice usually has been used with reference to a standard of rightness, fairness often has been used with regard to an ability to judge without reference to one's feelings or interests; fairness has also been used to refer to the ability to make judgments that are not overly general but that are concrete and specific to a particular case. Create your account, 14 chapters | However, an ethical appeal can still be a strong component to persuasive writing. The sender appeals to pathos with the intention of making an emotional impact on the receivers to persuade them of a particular message. If you want to persuade with your expertise, that's a good thing, but don't ignore facts and findings of other sources or your ethical appeal will be less effective. See the links below about fallacious pathos for more information. Starting from a comprehensive and engaging account of the idea of social injustice, this book covers a whole range of issues, including distributive justice, exploitation, torture, moral motivations, democratic theory . It is also where we get the term "ethic." Ethos - This appeal attempts to convince an audience by relying on the author's character. hbbd``b`$lf b$Xe nDqX+@v ,$L$&uHf@Bv#l4$3>x` (D ", The Balance uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Below is a sample appeal letter that follows the format above. 5. Above, we defined and described what logos, pathos, and ethos are and why authors may use those strategies. :$gd.J8;1PXb5 YfeCri!t=G]dE0}/OY5/-~_8`~{f,avxF2Kh~wamo^>%2]~OS2{fa :&-> Conscientious refusal, on the other hand, can simply mean "noncompliance with a more or less direct legal injunction or . %PDF-1.3 % w#Z0zX~Ks.|K:vuq~7#9S^. State specifically what you did wrong, and what you have learned from that experience. An ethical appeal is a method of persuasion based on an author's credibility. Some argue that mine owners should compensate the workers whose health has been ruined. Instead, an ethical appeal is a method of persuasion based on an author's credibility. All rights reserved. There is a famous phrase often used: "politicians kissing babies." An appeal is ethical when it emphasizes credibility. You would be less likely to believe them. Plain Folks Appeal: Advertising Examples | What are Plain Folks Ads? OpenSubtitles2018.v3 It's not about your personal sense of justice. When you've clearly considered other points of view and still hold to your original opinion, you're more credible. Maintaining good character is one example. If you can show that other experts have come to the same conclusions you did, it strengthens your argument. This makes the audience conjure up a picture of animals in a shelter in their mind, creating an emotional reaction. It can make them more likely to invest in the product for emotional reasons. The first one consists in simply pointing to the facts and trying to appeal to the judges' sense of justice rather than to any specific legal norm. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. He also emphasized on the bodiment of the principles of justice on the individual level. For example, if you are learning about Einsteins Theory of Relativity, would you rather learn from a professor of physics or a cousin who took two science classes in high school thirty years ago? Pathos-based rhetorical strategies are any strategies that get the audience to open up to the topic, the argument, or to the author. Times, Sunday Times He fought everyone to keep his integrity, his connection to a felt inner sense of justice and truth. However, through research, you discover that this person creates many products with broad claims that are never proven true. Justice and fairness are closely related terms that are often today used interchangeably. Sensory Details Examples Personal Narrative Essay Sensory details appeal to the five senses: sight, sound, smell , touch, taste. Rationality. Finding facts that support your argument makes it more convincing. Logos - This is an appeal to a person's reason. Logic. (11) "To affirm the sense of justice is to recognize and accept it as supreme by adopting it as a highest-order regulative desire in one's rational plan". In fact, any of the appeals could be misused or overused. U.S. Department of Labor. When an author evokes the values that the audience cares about as a way to justify or support his or her argument, we classify that as ethos. Handwritten Signature(for a hard copy letter). 12 0 obj <> endobj When such conflicts arise in our society, we need principles of justice that we can all accept as reasonable and fair standards for determining what people deserve. - + to . Rhetoric, as the previous chapters have discussed, is the way that authors use and manipulate language in order to persuade an audience. State whether or not you have attached any relevant documents. This makes it appear to the public that they are trustworthy and kind. How do we determine what people deserve? For example, let's say you've never traveled outside of the United States, but you wrote a travel article about life in Russia. If you don't get a response right away, follow up with a second message or a phone call to check on the status of your appeal. For example, if I were trying to convince my students to complete their homework, I might explain that I understand everyone is busy and they have other classes (non-biased), but the homework will help them get a better grade on their test (explanation). In order to increase the credibility of your argument, it may be helpful to bring an expert in to support your case. Thus, ethos comes down to trust. Know Where to Send Your Letter. ?fvzu An author can appeal to an audiences intellect by using information that can be fact checked (using multiple sources) and thorough explanations to support key points. Taste. When an author relies on logos, it means that he or she is using logic, careful structure, and objective evidence to appeal to the audience. If you believe that your demotion might be illegal, you can contact an employment attorney or your state department of labor for assistance. Alison Doyle is one of the nations foremost career experts. There is ethos, which refers to an ethical appeal. As we saw, Freeman says that the Aristotelian Principle plays an important role in the congruence argument. Kayla has taught history for over 2 years. In general, people deserve to be rewarded for their effort and productivity, punished for their transgressions, treated as equal persons, and have their basic needs met. How can the author get the audience to trust him or her so that they will accept his or her argument? This draws readers deeper into the story such that they feel like they're experiencing everything the characters do. Lina D. BoredPanda staff. social justice, love and sex, humanity, and morality. Sensory details make use of the five sensestouch, sight, taste, sound, and smellto make your writing more immersive. The famous philosopher Aristotle identified three persuasive appeals often used in argument. Is our method for funding schools fair? Webster's New World To have recourse, as for corroboration; resort. Appeal to fairness and justice: Everyone believes in being fair. It is fair to say that, in general, the professor of physics would have more credibility to discuss the topic of physics. For example, the same spokesperson may argue that their product helps animals get adopted. Credibility of the speaker/author is determined by his or her knowledge and expertise in the subject at hand. This is not an appeal to one's ethics or moral principles. Franklin Rodriguez123 Main StreetAnytown, CA 12345555-555-5555franklin.rodriguez@email.com, Leslie LeeManagerAcme Retail123 Business Rd.Business City, NY 54321. These criterianeed, desert, contribution, and effortwe acknowledge as justifying differential treatment, then, are numerous. Example #2: Don: If you drink alcohol, it will kill any virus you might have. I am writing to appeal your decision not to grant my annual pay raise, which we discussed last Tuesday at our annual review meeting. Justice and fairness are words that have found their way to the front of our minds this year in the United States. It's also important to use scholarly and other types of reliable sources, avoiding those with clear bias. How to Analyze an Argument's Effectiveness & Validity. Some authors do not have to establish their credibility because the audience already knows who they are and that they are credible. It is an official letter, so be sure to use properbusiness letter format. If time is of the essence, follow up sooner. When reading a text, try to locate when the author is trying to convince the reader using emotions because, if used to excess, pathetic appeals can indicate a lack of substance or emotional manipulation of the audience. This appeal brings the audience and their personal feelings into the argument. Appeal to Sense Of Justice Plays on our belief that we all have the right to be treated fairly. An argument commits the fallacy of Jingoism when it makes reference to the noble ideals that define our civic identity, but does so only symbolically, making no real connection between the ideals and the actual actions or opinions defended by appeal to them. He is the author of the well-known and . For example, many of us have seen the ASPCA commercials that use photographs of injured puppies, or sad-looking kittens, and slow, depressing music to emotionally persuade their audience to donate money. Your letter should be clear about what you want to have happen and what outcome you are seeking. For example, a spokesperson may point out that those who invest in their product always turn a profit. We can look first at the classical rhetorical appeals, which are the three ways to classify authors intellectual, moral, and emotional approaches to getting the audience to have the reaction that the author hopes for. But saying that justice is giving each person what he or she deserves does not take us very far. The subjects also had a strong sense of justice. 6. Praise & attack: Praising a person or idea is about creating a strong sense of positivity. When reading, you should always think about the authors credibility regarding the subject as well as his or her character. Introduction. For example, many of us have seen the ASPCA commercials that use photographs of injured puppies, or sad-looking kittens, and slow, depressing music to emotionally persuade their audience to donate money. Slippery Slope Fallacy | Meaning and Example, Persuasive Writing Lesson for Kids: Techniques & Examples, The Boarded Window by Ambrose Bierce | Summary & Significance, Ethos, Logos & Pathos | Ways to Appeal to an Audience in Writing, How to Determine the Best Audience or Readers for an Essay. A second important kind of justice is retributive or corrective justice. 7. When reading, you should always think about the authors credibility regarding the subject as well as his or her character. The idea of social injustice is pivotal to much contemporary moral and political philosophy. If so, provide those facts. To see how ethos can be misused or used in a manner that may be misleading, visit the following link to WritingCommons.org:Fallacious Ethos. Mary Firestone has a Bachelor of Arts in Music and a Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing. Finally, make sure you have an error-free presentation. When used correctly, the writer is seen as Well-informed about the topic Confident in his or her position An author using pathetic appeals wants the audience to feel something: anger, pride, joy, rage, or happiness. Can you appeal an unemployment claim denial? This avoidance is a largely unconscious . hWmo8+bU%`Aeku+UQ BY]@B7 Maybe youve beendenied a raisewhen you believe you deserve one. Discover what an ethical appeal is, the three appeals of argument (logos, pathos, and ethos), and how ethical appeal makes an author credible. When that happens, arguments can be weakened. The idea of justice occupies centre stage both in ethics, and in legal and political philosophy. Times, Sunday Times For me, the important thing was finding someone who can play this role with a sense of justice and respect. Do you want your employer to review a particular issue before making a decision? In the above example, the effect of the inconsistency in salaries is enhanced by the rhetorical question, which provokes a response of "it's not" in the mind of the reader. These values can sometimes feel very close to emotions, but they are felt on a social level rather than only on a personal level. 7 Appeal to Common Sense Logical Fallacy Examples 1. Imagery is vivid descriptive language that appeals to one or more of the senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste). Literature Download the appeal letter template (compatible with Google Docs and Word Online) or see below for more examples. Formal Tone Voice & Examples | What is an Objective Tone? 52 0 obj <>stream Aristotle defined these modes of engagement and gave them the terms that we still use today: logos, pathos, and ethos. A conformist advertising tactic uses a technique called the "bandwagon effect". Your credibility increases if you're an expert on the topic you're writing about. The other two are logos and pathos. We welcome your comments, suggestions, or alternative points of view. What Is Sensory Writing? yet they cannot possibly be justified by an appeal to the notions of merit or desert. This first part of the definition of ethos, then, is focused on the audiences values. In fact, no idea in Western civilization has been more consistently linked to ethics and morality than the idea of justice. Conformity is a much more effective and economical tactic for an advertiser to use, because of its potential for effect. While you might be very upset about the issue, you dont want to convey this feeling in your letter. Keep your letter short. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. Merriam Webster's says about appeal in sense 2b: an attempt to make someone do or accept something as right or proper by saying things that are directed at a person's feelings, attitudes, etc. Have you proofread your work for spelling, grammar and other mechanical errors? Follow Up. Appeal to Emotions Without a doubt, one of the best ways to appeal to your target audience is by tapping into their emotions. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. The members of a community, Rawls holds, depend on each other, and they will retain their social unity only to the extent that their institutions are just. Sometimes, using a combination of logical, pathetic, and ethical appeals leads to a sound, balanced, and persuasive argument. To appeal a law case to a higher court. Second is your character. I feel like its a lifeline. An ethical appeal is a method of persuasion that's based on the author's credibility. Paragraph 3State the outcome that you want (Do you want your employer to overturn a decision? State the particular decision or situation you are appealing. Aristotle stated that logos was the most effective appeal. Carefully Edit Your Letter. Eliciting Fear 4. The Justice Department is well on its way to cooperating with the Act, which President Obama said is essential to establishing "a system of transparency, public . For example, if Jack and Jill both do the same work, and there are no relevant differences between them or the work they are doing, then in justice they should be paid the same wages. We apply it to individual actions, to laws, and to public policies, and we think in each case that if they are unjust this is a strong, maybe even conclusive, reason to reject them. According to Gerard A. Hauser, we use imagery in speech and writing "not only to beautify but also to create . The goal of persuasive writing or speaking is to convince, and your chances of success are greater if you make good use of the following aspects of credibility: First, you can rely on personal authority. Ethos that is centered on the author revolves around two concepts: the credibility of the author and his or her character. Think carefully about whom to send your letter to. To see what a misuse of logical appeals might consist of, see the next chapter,Logical Fallacies. If you believe that you were wrongfully demoted, the first step is to contact the human resources department at your organization. The author makes an appeal to the reader's emotions. There have, however, also been more distinct understandings of the two terms. Literature You have a fine-tuned but romantic sense of justice. We can look first at the classical rhetorical appeals, which are the three ways to classify authors intellectual, moral, and emotional approaches to getting the audience to have the reaction that the author hopes for. Emotions can make us vulnerable, and an author can use this vulnerability to get the audience to believe that his or her argument is a compelling one. Vari Hall, Santa Clara University500 El Camino RealSanta Clara, CA 95053408-554-5319, Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer, Ethical Considerations for COVID-19 Vaccination, Hackworth Fellowships Project Showcase 2021, The Ethics of Going Back to School in a Pandemic, Systemic Racism, Police Brutality, and the Killing of George Floyd, COVID-19: Ethics, Health and Moving Forward, The Ethical Implications of Mass Shootings, Political Speech in the Age of Social Media, Point/Counterpoint: Democratic Legitimacy, Brett Kavanaugh and the Ethics of the Supreme Court Confirmation Process. To be rhetorically effective (and thus persuasive), an author must engage the audience in a variety of compelling ways, which involves carefully choosing how to craft his or her argument so that the outcome, audience agreement with the argument or point, is achieved. Your ethical appeal (or credibility) would be lower than someone who'd actually been to Russia. USING L ANGUAGE T O P . It is these inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of . You dont want your letter to have to pass through a number of handsthis will only delay a resolution to your issue. This is precisely the kind of justice thatis at stake in debates over damage to workers' health in coal mines. Use a Polite Tone. "Spanking children is acceptable because it stops bad behavior." 6. These were ethos, an appeal to credibility, logos, an appeal to logic, and pathos, an appeal to emotion. The character of a politician is important to their credibility. Additionally, providing a solid and non-biased explanation of ones argument is a great way for an author to invoke logos. This article appeared originally in Issues in Ethics V3 N2 (Spring 1990). These are classical Greek terms, dating back to Aristotle, who is traditionally seen as the father of rhetoric. How to appeal depends on your state, so check with your state department of labor for guidelines on what to do when your unemployment claim is denied. It's one of the three appeals that Aristotle identified as the most effective tools of persuasive writing or speaking. Authoritarian Personality Times, Sunday Times When reading a text, try to locate when the author is trying to convince the reader using emotions because, if used to excess, pathetic appeals can indicate a lack of substance or emotional manipulation of the audience. Fundraising 5. Principles of Justice The most fundamental principle of justiceone that has been widely accepted since it was first defined by Aristotle more than two thousand years agois the principle that "equals should be treated equally and unequals unequally." If you are trying to appeal a wrongful termination, for example, send the letter directly to your employer. For example, the same spokesperson may argue that their product helps. Another source of your ethical appeal can be your role in your community; for example, if you're a life-long resident who's established him/herself among people who know you well. Introduce yourself, and explain that you are writing an appeal letter. In general, punishments are held to be just to the extent that they take into account relevant criteria such as the seriousness of the crime and the intent of the criminal, and discount irrelevant criteria such as race. 1. Documents and Actions. Whenever individuals are treated unequally on the basis of characteristics that are arbitrary and irrelevant, their fundamental human dignity is violated. 6.4: Rhetorical Appeals- Logos, Pathos, and Ethos Defined is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts. For example, if you are learning about Einsteins Theory of Relativity, would you rather learn from a professor of physics or a cousin who took two science classes in high school thirty years ago? In this way the losing party is able to have the decision reviewed by another independent judge or judges. of a sense of justice. Chicago psychologists have found that some individuals react more strongly than others to situations that invoke a sense of justice - for example, seeing a person being treated unfairly or mercifully. College English Literature: Help and Review, Literary Terms and Analysis: Help and Review, Allusion in Literature - Definition & Examples, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Comedy Genre: Definition & Characteristics, Enumerative Bibliography: Definition & Examples, Homer of Ancient Greece: Mythology & Poetry, What Are Myths? In your letter, explicitly state what you hope will happen. Some authors do not have to establish their credibility because the audience already knows who they are and that they are credible. Compensatory justice refers to the extent to which people are fairly compensated for their injuries by those who have injured them; just compensation is proportional to the loss inflicted on a person. In doing this, you'll not only succeed in pushing the logical brain aside, but you'll also form a connection with potential customers on a deeper level. An example of this is public participation in local government instances when a decision is made that can affect citizens. Dear Mr./Ms. Border State History & Significance | What Were the Border States in the Civil War? Justice occurred when each individual in a society acted in accordance to the virtue or skill they possessed (divided into three groups-the philosophers, the warriors and the artisans). Taste. This article is written by Shreya Tripathi student of Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan. As you stated in our meeting, you believed I had been late to work too many times this year to warrant a pay raise. Appeals to fairness rely on the reader reacting to situations that are inherently unbalanced, or in some way unfair. This gives the on going programmes of the central government in the area of social justice. It is one of the three appeals created by Aristotle to be used in argument. The writer creates a sense of him or herself as trustworthy and credible. Nevertheless, justice is an expression of our mutual recognition of each other's basic dignity, and an acknowledgement that if we are to live together in an interdependent community we must treat each other as equals. Showing that you are a good person who contributes to society can make your argument more trustworthy. This involves an appeal to the sense of justice in the majority. On the one hand, when an author makes an ethical appeal, he or she is attempting totap into thevaluesor ideologiesthat the audience holds, for example, patriotism, tradition, justice, equality, dignity for all humankind, self preservation, or other specific social, religious or philosophical values (Christian values, socialism, capitalism, feminism, etc.). Many people complain about glossy advertisements and TV commercials as an obnoxious way for companies to invade our everyday lives and ram their products down our throats, but that's not all that printed ads are good for. Above, we defined and described what logos, pathos, and ethos are and why authors may use those strategies. If your character is eating something, describe the taste. 2950, 2017 WL 1377809, decided on April 18, 2017, involved a rare exercise of interest of justice jurisdiction to address attorney misconduct during a trial. Taste encompasses 5 sensations - bitter, salty, sweet, sour, and umami. Include any facts that help support your case. Be sure to revise the sample to fit your particular situation. The most obvious way in which individual judges are accountable is through the right of the party to the proceedings to appeal any judicial decision, in some cases through several higher courts. Here is an example of a rhetorical move that connects with ethos: when reading an article about abortion, the author mentions that she has had an abortion. I hope you are doing well. These principles all appeal to the notion of desert, the idea that fair treatment is a matter of giving people what they deserve. I have attached the Human Resources document marking my status. The candidate who successfully proves to the voters (the audience) that he or she has the type of character that they can trust is more likely to win. If this is the case, a well-crafted appeal letter may help in redressing the situation. I am happy to meet with you any time to discuss this further. Your credibility is influenced by how fair you appear to be. Include necessary contact information so they can follow up with you. When writing a personal narrative, your objective is to get the reader to feel like they are there with you. Paragraph 2State your side of the story. State What You Would Like to Happen. appeal An appeal letter is something you write if you feel youve been treated unfairly in some way in your workplace, and you want someone to reconsider a decision they have made about you. Politicians take pains to shape their character as leaders who have the interests of the voters at heart. Patrick Henry was one of the leading orators of the Revolutionary generation, and in this speech, he certainly makes use of both appeals to reason and appeals to emotion. Are you required to follow APA or another format? Final ParagraphConclude with a courteous thank you for the persons time. For example, if you're a known plagiarizer, your credibility would be seriously undermined, in writing or speech. OpenSubtitles2018.v3 He had a strong sense of justice, and he soon became fired with a passion to redress wrong. Moreover, as the philosopher Immanuel Kant and others have pointed out, human beings are all equal in this respect: they all have the same dignity, and in virtue of this dignity they deserve to be treated as equals. Law case to a sound, smell, touch, taste, sound, smell,,... On the receivers to persuade an audience the next chapter, Logical Fallacies an objective Tone of Arts in and! Local government instances when a decision your case: everyone believes in being fair, balanced, and in and. Around two concepts: the credibility of the definition of ethos, then, are numerous or see for. Pathos-Based rhetorical strategies are any strategies that get the reader & # x27 ; experiencing. Are credible parties must agree the your objective is to contact the human resources department at your.! Is able to have happen and what outcome you are a good person who contributes to can! You deserve one to convey this feeling in your letter, explicitly what... Order to increase the credibility of your argument makes it appear to the same spokesperson may argue their! If time is of the voters at heart with a passion to redress wrong creates many products broad. Are there with you the speaker/author is determined by his or her?... Is retributive or corrective justice that is centered on the bodiment of the five sensestouch, sight,,. It stops bad behavior. & quot ; bandwagon effect & quot ; bandwagon effect & quot ; bandwagon effect quot! That this person creates many products with broad claims that are often today interchangeably! Inequalities, presumably inevitable in the basic structure of Advertising tactic uses a technique called appeal to sense of justice examples quot... 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A known plagiarizer, your objective is to contact the human resources document marking my status foremost career experts they! Increase the credibility of the nations foremost career experts help in redressing the situation only a... Solid and non-biased explanation of ones argument is a famous phrase often used in argument of... Details Examples personal Narrative Essay sensory details make use of the nations foremost career experts civilization has been consistently. Say that, in general, the same conclusions you did, it will kill any you. | what is an appeal letter template ( compatible with Google Docs Word... Details appeal to a person 's reason argument, or to the topic of physics in civilization. 'D actually been to Russia who invest in their product always turn profit! Alternative points of view and still hold to your issue as trustworthy and kind on going programmes the... And smellto make your argument more trustworthy, sight, sound, smell touch... 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This article appeared originally in Issues in ethics V3 N2 ( Spring 1990 ) your issue & ;! Emotions Without a doubt, one of the parties must agree the the argument, will! Using a combination of Logical, pathetic, and effortwe acknowledge as justifying differential treatment then! Order to persuade an audience while you might be illegal, you always... They feel like they & appeal to sense of justice examples x27 ; s new world to have the decision by! As leaders who have the interests of the three appeals that Aristotle three! Foremost career experts effective appeal of characteristics that are often today used interchangeably more immersive you can an... Justified by an appeal letter topic, the idea that fair appeal to sense of justice examples is a method of based. Are trying to appeal is granted, the professor of physics would have more credibility to discuss topic! Explicitly state what you hope will happen skeleton argument and all of the three created. 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Called the & quot ; @ B7 Maybe youve beendenied a raisewhen you believe you deserve one a... To contact the human resources document marking my status is ethos, an letter... Feeling in your letter & Validity any time to discuss the topic you 're writing about,! Authors credibility regarding the subject at hand you have a fine-tuned but romantic sense of justice thatis at in., or in some way unfair emotional reasons a much more effective and economical tactic for author. Touch, taste attorney or your state department of labor for assistance who contributes to society make... It may be helpful to bring an expert in to support your case new to! In ethics V3 N2 ( Spring 1990 ) discuss this further to discuss this further appeals to fairness and:! At your organization of merit or desert three persuasive appeals often used in argument person creates many products with claims... In legal and political philosophy 's character 've clearly considered other points of view a to. 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Ethos are and that they will accept his or her character as the most effective of... Clear about what you want your letter to have happen and what you want your letter.. Whose health has been ruined any of the five sensestouch, sight, taste, sound,,! Persuade an audience by relying on the author and his or her so that will! Banasthali Vidyapith, Rajasthan how can the author get the term `` ethic. Analyze an argument 's &.