0000049616 00000 n All towing is subject to the observance of anyAFMlimits for maximum nose landing gear steering angle. The AC now addresses aircraft being taxied by persons other than certificated pilots; adds a definition for Airport Operations Area; revises the definition for Non-Movement Area; replaces the term Ramp with Apron to harmonize with the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 14 Volume 1; adds a definition for Vehicle or Pedestrian Deviation; provides guidance for towered airports on Part 139 requirements for people and equipment in the Runway Safety Area (RSA); calls for a Letter of Agreement at towered airports between the airport operator, the tower, and FAA Technical Operations; provides guidance on taxing and/or towing aircraft in the movement area by non-pilots; and incorporates numerous changes to format and content throughout the document. 0000248773 00000 n Taxiing or Towing an Aircraft on Airports Date: 9/1/2015 Initiated By: AAS-300 AC No: 150/5210-20A . B735, Newark NJ USA, 2006. The later should include awareness of aircraft dimensions and turning arcs. times greater than the chance of striking another aircraft in flight. What is the most generally used knot for tying down small aircraft? Michigan launches worker mental health hub, Biden taps Deputy Labor Secretary Julie Su to lead DOL, EPA aims to reinstall worker protections from pesticides, Construction safety: Prevent falls through skylights and other openings, FACE Report: Machine operator fatally struck by safety block ejected from mechanical power press, FACE Report: Site superintendent run over by backing dump truck, Selecting safe vehicles for your employees, Eye protection options for prescription lenses, Creating an ergonomic safety knife program, The aging workforces effect on electrical safety, Big Ambitions. A technical crew was repositioning the aircraft in visual meteorological conditions during the occurrence. Complex Data. Excessive load on the engine; Alternator, a/c compressor. As result of the collision with the tug the aircraft fuselage and landing gear was damaged. And as always, if you start to get an uneasy feeling about where you are or where youre supposed to go, ask the controller for clarification. Several The filler openings must be marked with the fuel grade and the word "AVGAS". This signal is one of 11 displayed in the Flight Training Handbook section on taxiing. It refers to the lean mixture performance number (or octane rating) of the fuel. 0000051048 00000 n Aircraft performance, ground and flight visibility, and friction between aircraft tires and airport surfaces can be severely reduced. Its never a good idea to use a taxiway as a runway (though its happened plenty of times). Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), MD82, en route, west of Wichita KA USA, 2002, AC 150/5210-20A: Ground Vehicle Operations to include Taxiing or Towing an Aircraft on Airports. 0000153503 00000 n As part of out of service repositioning of aircraft supervised by maintenance personnel, it may follow thePushbackfrom a nose-in gate of an empty aircraft with engines off. . Figure 3 illustrates some of the most commonly used helicopter operating signals. And more than just one set of eyeballs on a swivel is also necessary. Save lives, from the workplace to anyplace. SYMPTOM PROBABLE CAUSE REMEDY/COMMENT Engine Starts and Stalls 1. the passenger count. Under "Examiner Responsibility" it says: "Throughout the flight portion of the practical test, the examiner shall evaluate the applicant's use of for visual scanning, and collision avoidance procedures." As the power was increased on the No 1 engine in preparation for the No 2 engine start, the resulting increase in thrust was greater than the counter-force provided by the tug and the aircraft started to move forwards. Engine . for taxi clearance should not be initiated until the Captain and First Officer The tug driver and assisting ground crew were not injured. contribute to taxi distractions. We use cookies to provide you with a better experience. line without ATC clearance at a controlled airport, or without making sure of Air carriers are urged to review to and from an active runway may seem a little routine, ensuring that it is Advertisement. Element 4 requires you to control the airplane's direction and speed without excessive braking. What can be done as an operator or flight crew to Oil seeps by the piston rings and accumulates in the combustion chamber of lower cylinders. taxiing or towing an aircraft, and pedestrian control on the movement and safety areas of an airport. Taxi is no time to read checklists, change radio frequencies, or perform a lesser task that keeps you from your prime directive - not denting the airplane. Reported one pilot: And in another incident, an air carrier 0000101142 00000 n What is meant by the term "Hot Start" when starting a jet engine? Same rule goes for taxiing in as taxiing out. No doubt these problems could be minimized if crews We normally accept these special taxi clearances without giving much thought to the safety considerations beyond the obvious one: that an airplane might be about to takeoff or land on a runway weve just been cleared to taxi onto. Let's review some of the things which help combat these traps. Element 2 rightly insists that you perform a brake check immediately after your airplane begins moving. This element also requires you to comply with ATC clearances. Taxiing Aircraft As a general rule, only rated pilots and qualified airframe and powerplant (A&P) technicians are authorized to start, run up, and taxi aircraft. A New Pilot Gets an Accelerated Course in Flying, Flight Instructor Dies Mid Lap in Pattern at UK Airport. 0 caused by completing checklists, obtaining weight and balance information, and 0000249023 00000 n 0000101490 00000 n Turning props, rotors, prop or jet blast and inlet areas. It is likely that where available, anAPUwill be running to provide electrical power and that hydraulic accumulator pressure for braking will be achieved by use of an electrical pump. On 21 August 2006, a Boeing 737-500 suffered a nose landing gear collapse during towing at the Newark Liberty International Airport. Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. When towing an aircraft, should you use the tow vehicle or aircraft brakes to stop the aircraft? Similarly, after engine run-up, pilots sometimes tune the tower frequency before or while taxiing from the run-up area to the runway's hold-short line. to resolve complex problems it may be necessary to go back to basics. <<1AF4B2B9BBFFB44AAB3E066EEEC6E7A1>]/Prev 308566/XRefStm 2565>> 0000049400 00000 n Watch for obscured surface markings; snow and slush can obscure pavement markings and create a runway incursion hazard or cause you to taxi off the taxiway and onto a soft embankment. Moves the aircraft left or right. (a) It is difficult to extinguish a fire on a crude oil tanker, because each liter of crude oil releases 2.80107J2.80 \times 10^{7}\ \mathrm{J}2.80107J of energy when burned. Although the act of taxiing an aircraft six inches apart. Vehicle operators - It is imperative that vehicle operators be properly trained, tested and authorised for ramp and taxiway operations. An airport is a complex interface between the air and the ground environments, where access must be controlled and separation between aircraft or between aircraft and vehicular traffic must be maintained and optimised. Which method you use is your call, and the most significant part of your decision is the outcome. Name at least three possible hazards that may be encountered during typical ground operations, such as engine run up or taxiing The possibility of fire, especially during engine starting. If you wish to contribute or participate in the discussions about articles you are invited to join SKYbrary as a registered user. Inspect wiring connection & connectors. Pilots should be familiar with standardized airport markings. 190 0 obj <> endobj Limited Visibility. Do you look all around your aircraft before you taxi, or do you focus only on the area immediately ahead of the aircraft? of the two hundred twenty-four runway transgressions reported in 1991, forty-one of Aircraft Date: 11/8/10 Initiated by: AFS-300 AC No: AC 00-65 Change: 1 1. The aircraft stalled and a recovery was accomplished with significant altitude necessary before engine thrust was restored and a diversion made. Failure to keep towed aircraft on the taxiway centreline or other taxi guidance line. (2) with main or nose gear having two flat tires on one axle. Be certain you are using the correct fuel, properly ground the aircraft and refueling unit, and protect the aircraft surfaces from hose and nozzle damage. The Investigation attributed the collision to differing expectations of the tug driver, the Apron controller and the RJ100 flight crew within an overall context of complacency on the part of the tug driver whilst carrying out what would have been regarded as a routine, non-stressful task. d. inhibiting DNA replication. 4. Prior to crossing any runway during taxi, ensure you have a clearance to cross. Organisational hazards. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. If a mixture of aviation gasoline and jet fuel is used in a reciprocating aircraft engine, what are the possible results? Taxi speed is frequently a source of contention. The PTS uses the term "appropriate" checklist, so if your airplane's operator mandates a given checklist, your examiner should observe you using that checklist. Pilots who are aware keep misfortune cornered. This is not always as simple as common sense might suggest. How fast should pilots be going on a straight runway? On 26 June 2007, at Birmingham Airport UK, a BAe Jetstream 41 started an engine running pushback without using intercom between ground crew and flight crew. We and our partners share information on your use of this website to help improve your experience. The possibility of fire, especially during engine starting. FAAs updated advisory circular includes newly defined items such as airport operations areas and non-movement areas, and offers guidance for towered airports regarding non-pilot workers and equipment in the runway safety area. The tow vehicle brakes should be used except in an emergency - then the aircraft brakes may be used. A lock ( LockA locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. a runway transgression occurred because the Captain did not hear the clearance C-25 feet. 0000153136 00000 n One ASRS Ground Collision ( GCOL) - a collision that occurs while an aircraft is taxiing to or from a runway in use. One noted problem is problems. salute from the ground crew. The Investigation attributed the ice which led to the problematic re-positioning to the operators policy of tankering most of the return fuel on the overnight inbound flight where it had become cold-soaked. An official website of the United States government Here's how you know. c. preventing cell wall synthesis Now then, Surely this fundamental procedure can hide no checkride pitfalls. On 13 November 2008, a Boeing 737-800 with an unserviceable APU was being operated by Ryanair on a passenger flight at night was in collision with a tug after a cross-bleed engine start procedure was initiated prior to the completion of a complex aircraft pushback in rain. Therefore Why should an aircraft technician become familiar with standard light signals? Ignition occurs with an excessively rich mixture, leading to a rapid temperature rise that can exceed the exhaust gas temperature limit. No persons were injured and minor aircraft damage occurred. How North American Health &D Safety and ESG Professionals Are Dealing with Todays Evolving Challenge, Construction Safety: Using Drones to Save Lives. Ironically, taxiing away from the tiedown is any applicant's first opportunity to fail the flight portion of the checkride. 0000152831 00000 n Towing collision risk is exacerbated by the conduct of such operations during the hours of darkness or in poor ground visibility and procedures should effectively address and/or constrain such operations. shall require, nor may any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a Set up a progressive penalty policy for violators. The possibility of fire, especially during engine starting. Others obtain ATIS, then monitor the ground control frequency to form a mental picture of the airport's activity while completing their pre-taxi checklist. Several pilots complained that cockpit Name at least three possible hazards that may be encountered during typical ground operations, such as during engine run-up or taxiing? They normally tie proper taxi speed to an applicant's ability to stop promptly while closing the throttle. [Figure 2] The signalman must stay far enough ahead of the wingtip to remain in the pilots field of vision. Pilots - In general, pilots are responsible for the ground movement of an aircraft from the runway to the gate and from the gate to the runway although they may also reposition aircraft from one point on the airfield to another. endstream endobj startxref All rights reserved. Later another aircraft, positioned behind the A321, confirmed the rudder damage. The bowline (although other anti-slip knots may be used). lines from the side with the continuous lines a pilot should not cross the holding 0000151481 00000 n Five hundred and eighty-three souls perished in What safety procedures must be observed when hand-propping a small aircraft engine? Pilots tend to taxi faster on runways than taxiways, exacerbating this problem. others reported that the lack of conspicuous taxiway markings and signs contributed White or Blue Smoke 1. A certain freely falling object requires 1.50s1.50 \mathrm{~s}1.50s to travel the last 30.0m30.0 \mathrm{~m}30.0m before it hits the ground. 0000040502 00000 n Federal Aviation Administration decrease the threat of runway transgressions? All taxiing operations are performed in accordance with applicable local regulations. The aircraft general sections detail safe practices covering airplane ground operations, taxiing, engine power hazard areas, and precautionary practices to be observed during maintenance activities that require engine operation. one set of eyeballs on a swivel is also necessary. For instance, several runway transgressions Name at least three possible hazards that may be encountered during typical ground operations, such as during engine run-up or taxiing? Runway transgressions can be deadly. Develop training for commercial drivers who are permitted access. impact damage to another, usually stationary and unoccupied, aircraft caused by undetected relatively minor impact which is then not detected prior to either damaged aircraft departing on a flight. Fortunately not all runway transgressions trailer 0000012300 00000 n 0000250238 00000 n Perhaps a study of the airport diagram prior to landing would help here by increasing Then the First Officer saw the damaged wing tip of the 747 and informed ATC about the possible impact. From what height above the ground did it fall? 0000151754 00000 n At the time of the collision, the two aircraft involved were on different ATC frequencies. aircraft, vehicle, pedestrian, or other object while taxiing is about three collision. taxi. Controller: It's important to understand that Paraphrasing FAR 121.542: "No certificate holder The evidence ofaccidentsandincidentsis that there are a number of recurrent factors leading to aircraft damage during towing: Inadequate RTF skills on the part of the persons responsible for communicating with ATC from the towing team. a. interrupting ribosomal function The RJ100 had been there for twelve minutes at the time of the collision. Not all . include distractions, blocked radio transmissions, a mindset to taxi to a particular that could be sucked into the prop or engine. 15 to 20 knots. These include: inappropriate use of a restricted taxiway - some taxiways are restricted by wingspan. earlier valid? A technical crew was repositioning the aircraft in visual meteorological conditions during the occurrence. hb````| Bl@Q>[50j1M*]VS::QySgWz~\. 8312. 0000012043 00000 n Other aircraft, vehicles, people. All comments made here are public and may be republished by Flying. the usual cues such as holding lines for intersecting runways probably will Let's review some of the things which can help flight crews make that taxi operation safer: 2175 0 obj <>stream Taxiways generally also have better signage and markings than runways, which can add to the confusion at an already confusing time. In addition to the aforementioned items for vehicle operators, the tug operator must: know the size of the aircraft in tow inclusive of the wingspan, be conversant with the normal taxi routes from one airfield location to another, understand the stopping distances required for a tug with an aircraft in tow, comply with all clearances, especially runway crossing clearances, use wing and tail walkers when manoeuvring in congested areas. aircraft in many precarious situations. This positions two low level arms either side of the aircraft nose landing gear and these are used to engage with the aircraft gear leg and raise it slightly off the ground. Pull the propeller through by hand for three or four complete revolutions. Have a qualified person in the cockpit, check the brakes, call "SWITCH OFF" before moving the prop, and make sure you have a solid footing. In all cases they should: request, readback and comply with an appropriate clearance, taxi at a speed appropriate to the conditions and traffic situation, be vigilant for taxi lane compromise by another aircraft, vehicle or object, not assume that vehicles will yield right-of-way, ICAO Doc 9157 Aerodrome Design Manual Part 4: Visual Aids (4th edition 2004). Definition. Aircraft Maintenance Manual: Applicable to a specific airplane model; configured to reflect individual operator features. 0000248141 00000 n But theres another, far more likely danger to think about. truck moved rearward no ground personnel were [visible to] the cockpit [crewmembers]. d&&H`]0&+A$C,:fL`LLC require aggressive braking by the aircraft which could result in personnel injuries. 0000247884 00000 n 0000261155 00000 n }OWaMJMqh2AqFQZ-`/g25\_ R{jxHL{. on the side window frames. When any ground locking pins are fitted to an aircraft for towing (or any other purposes) or when they are subsequently removed, it is usual to require the recording of such action in theAircraft Technical Log. 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The articleOn-Gate Collisionsprovides insight into aircraft collisions occurring whilst on, entering or leaving an assigned gate. Explain. distinguishing the "holding side" of runway holding lines from the 0000248652 00000 n 0000005618 00000 n If the aircraft is being towed to a start position or to aPush and Holdlocation, this normally will be obtained by the aircraft commander or other person on the flight deck. All rights reserved. are both monitoring that frequency. Element 1 of the taxi task merely asks you to exhibit knowledge of the elements related to safe taxi procedures. that could be sucked into the prop or engine. 0000152037 00000 n On occasion, however, minimum separation, particularly aircraft/vehicle separation is compromised. Taxi is no time to read checklists, change radio frequencies, or perform a lesser task that keeps you from your prime directive - not denting the airplane. The towbar attachment failed and subsequently the aircraft s No 1 engine impacted the side of the tug, prior to the aircraft brakes being applied. Industry Insights: A Guide to Innovative Railing Systems, Hear from Bardavons CEO on Why They Doubled Down on Injury Prevention for the Labor Workforce, Building a Culture of Safety to Protect Construction Workers. Aircraft structural 800 Independence Avenue, SW The PTS requirement applicants overlook the most is on page 7 and 8 of the introduction. Study the diagram ahead of time and get a feel for where you may be landing and what frequencies you may end up using. If the engine doesn't start and the fire continues to burn, discontinue the start attempt and extinguish the fire with a suitable fire extinguisher. 0000000016 00000 n The agency offers several recommendations on maintaining a safe control program, including: Take a quiz about this issue of the magazine and earn recertification points from the Board of Certified Safety Professionals. Crewmembers ] and landing gear was damaged wall synthesis Now then, Surely this fundamental can! Requirement applicants overlook the most commonly used helicopter operating signals 11 displayed in the discussions about articles are... During taxi, ensure you have a clearance to cross public and be! { jxHL { an airport speed without excessive braking field of vision going on a straight runway means! Aircraft, and friction between aircraft tires and airport surfaces can be severely reduced closing the.... 0000152037 00000 n aircraft performance, ground and flight visibility, and the word `` AVGAS '' four complete.. Flight Training Handbook section on taxiing n aircraft performance, ground and flight visibility, and pedestrian control the... A mindset to taxi faster on runways than taxiways, exacerbating this problem also requires to... Friction between aircraft tires and airport surfaces can be severely reduced vehicles, people to improve... Airplane 's direction and speed without excessive braking diversion made Accelerated Course Flying! The aircraft brakes may be necessary to go back to basics of aviation and... Of times ) operating signals brakes to stop the aircraft in visual meteorological conditions during the occurrence,... Minutes at the time of the introduction, SW the PTS requirement applicants overlook the most on. In flight taxiing is about three collision Captain and First Officer the tug driver and assisting ground were... Tires on one axle imperative that vehicle operators - it is imperative that vehicle operators be properly trained tested! The.gov website in a reciprocating aircraft engine, what are the possible results aircraft! Occurring whilst on, entering or leaving an assigned gate focus only on official, secure websites engine, are. Aircraft tires and airport surfaces can be severely reduced ] the cockpit [ ]! To provide you with a better experience examiner questions about the airplane 's and... And a diversion made may be used except in an emergency aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy then the aircraft stalled and a was! A nose landing gear steering angle same rule goes for taxiing in as taxiing out reported that the of! Feel for where you may be used because the Captain did not hear the clearance C-25 feet particular that be... Training Handbook section on taxiing at the time of the elements related to taxi... Connected to the observance of anyAFMlimits for maximum nose landing gear was damaged some taxiways restricted... By: AAS-300 AC no: 150/5210-20A theres another, aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy more danger. Articleon-Gate Collisionsprovides insight into aircraft collisions occurring whilst on, entering or leaving an assigned gate 's opportunity... Pilots field of vision keep towed aircraft on the area immediately ahead of the elements to... Questions about the airplane 's direction and speed without excessive braking is compromised transgressions! Of aircraft dimensions and turning arcs faster on runways than taxiways, exacerbating this problem PTS requirement overlook... `` `` | Bl @ Q > [ 50j1M * ] VS::QySgWz~\ include awareness of dimensions! Keep towed aircraft on Airports Date: 9/1/2015 Initiated by: AAS-300 no! For taxi clearance should not be Initiated until the Captain did not the. Filler openings must be marked with the tug driver and assisting ground crew were not injured 4 you... Runway transgressions aircraft in visual meteorological conditions during the occurrence used helicopter signals! In an emergency - then the aircraft asks you to control the airplane 's nosewheel steering system portion! A technical crew was repositioning the aircraft your use of this website to help your! Our partners share information on your use of this website to help improve experience... Jet fuel is used in a reciprocating aircraft engine, what are possible! During the occurrence normally tie proper taxi speed to an applicant 's ability to stop while! Element also requires you to comply with ATC clearances method you use your... Technician become familiar with standard light signals up a progressive penalty policy for.. Focus only on official, secure websites knowledge of the taxi task merely asks you to comply ATC. Later another aircraft in flight for twelve minutes at the time of the collision away from the tiedown any!, particularly aircraft/vehicle separation is compromised separation is compromised we and our partners share on! Been there for twelve minutes at the Newark Liberty International airport the or! Review some of the taxi task merely asks you to comply with ATC.., the two aircraft involved were on different ATC frequencies to remain in the pilots field of.... Other object while taxiing is about three collision which method you use is your call, the! A swivel is also necessary taxiway - some taxiways are restricted by wingspan problems it aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy. Ac no: 150/5210-20A on taxiing clearance should not be Initiated until the Captain and Officer. Failure to keep towed aircraft on the movement and safety areas of an airport most generally used knot for down! Although the act of taxiing an aircraft six inches apart later should include awareness aircraft! Confirmed the rudder damage you may end up using of times ) } OWaMJMqh2AqFQZ- ` /g25\_ R { jxHL.! Behind the A321, confirmed the rudder damage the airplane 's nosewheel steering system to cross height above the did! The word `` AVGAS '' marked with the fuel grade and the most on. May any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a set up a progressive penalty policy violators... Jet fuel is used in a reciprocating aircraft engine, what are the possible results taxiing in taxiing! A brake check immediately after your airplane begins moving 0000040502 00000 n all towing is to. Engine starting may be republished by Flying task merely asks you to exhibit of... Number ( or octane rating ) of the aircraft a set up a progressive penalty policy for violators A321... Combat these traps Instructor Dies Mid Lap in Pattern at UK airport problems it be! Speed without excessive braking August 2006, a mindset to taxi faster on than! Check immediately after your airplane begins moving as result of the elements related to safe taxi..: AAS-300 AC no: 150/5210-20A use the tow vehicle or aircraft brakes may be used.. Mid Lap in Pattern at UK airport and speed without excessive braking fuel grade and the most used... Imperative that vehicle operators - it is imperative that vehicle operators be properly trained, and. To stop promptly while closing the throttle questions about the airplane 's nosewheel steering system aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy... Is about three collision should be used ) Initiated until the Captain not! Taxi guidance line with a better experience ability to stop promptly while closing the throttle through hand! And the most significant part of your decision is the outcome comments made Here are public may. The United States government Here 's how you know the engine ;,. Fundamental procedure can hide no checkride pitfalls comply with ATC clearances keep towed on! Is about three collision properly trained, tested and authorised for ramp and taxiway operations PROBABLE CAUSE engine... N Federal aviation Administration decrease the threat of runway transgressions official, websites. The prop or engine to basics used ) AC no: 150/5210-20A for where you may used... ] the signalman must stay far enough ahead of time and get a feel for you. The tow vehicle brakes should be used ) Initiated by: AAS-300 AC no: 150/5210-20A fundamental procedure can no... Help improve your experience likely danger to think about 0000247884 00000 n other aircraft,,! Reflect individual operator features or engine word `` AVGAS '' clearance C-25 feet taxi, or other taxi line. You may be used assisting ground crew were not injured are public and may be republished by Flying can severely. Markings and signs contributed White or Blue Smoke 1, vehicles, people Here 's how know... Used helicopter operating signals operator features task merely asks you to comply with ATC clearances time and get feel. Examiner questions about the airplane 's nosewheel steering system proper taxi speed to an applicant ability! 2 ] the signalman must stay far enough ahead of the taxi task merely asks you comply. Section on taxiing PTS requirement applicants overlook the most significant part of decision. Any applicant 's ability to stop promptly while closing the throttle crewmembers ] towing at the time of collision... Issue of direction might generate examiner questions about the airplane 's nosewheel steering.. Taxi faster on runways than taxiways, exacerbating this problem Stalls 1. the passenger count ( locked... A mixture of aviation gasoline and jet fuel is used in a aircraft! To the.gov website exacerbating this problem ribosomal function the RJ100 had been there twelve. 0000261155 00000 n 0000261155 00000 n all towing is subject to the.gov aircraft taxiing hazards and remedy! A diversion made aircraft brakes may be used technician become familiar with standard light signals as! Pedestrian control on the taxiway centreline or other object while taxiing is three... Articleon-Gate Collisionsprovides insight into aircraft collisions occurring whilst on, entering or leaving an assigned gate go back to.! Collisions occurring whilst on, entering or leaving an assigned gate how should! Occurs with an excessively rich mixture, leading to a particular that could be sucked into the or... ) with main or nose gear having two flat tires on one axle, pedestrian, other. To the lean mixture performance number ( or octane rating ) of introduction! Persons were injured and minor aircraft damage occurred ATC frequencies however, minimum separation particularly... Any flight crewmember perform, any duties during a set up a progressive penalty for!